INLAND SAND. 681 



produced so abundantly by trees adjoining the cleared area 

 and germinates so freely, that good results follow. 



(b) In the case of artificial regeneration, and for filling up 

 natural regeneration, planting is preferable to sowing, but the 

 planting-holes should be small, and young plants used. 



(c) The borders of the forest to windward must be kept 

 densely stocked and all underwood protected, while the soil- 

 covering is strictly preserved. 



(d) Stumps should be left in the ground after fellings, and 

 cultivation of cereal crops in combination with sowings of 

 forest trees must not be undertaken. 



(e) No pasturage should be allowed, and all servitudes for 

 pasturage, passage of cattle, usage of grass or litter should be 

 legally annulled. 



3. Fixation of the Sand. 



The supply of sand must be stopped at its origin by planting 

 up the sandy hills from which it comes. Loose sand may be 

 fixed by means of fences, or by covering it with branches or 

 sods, and both these methods may be combined. Planting sand- 

 grasses is not advisable, as it only increases the difficulty of 

 restoring forest growth to the denuded area. 



a. Fences. 



Fences are generally made by driving into the ground pine 

 stakes 6 to 8 feet long and 2J to 4 inches in diameter. They 

 should be driven 2 to 3 feet deep and supported alternately 

 on either side by means of oblique stakes, as shown in 

 Fig. 287. 



Between the stakes, branches of Scots pine or of broom 

 should be intertwined, leaving sufficiently large interstices for 

 the sand to pass through, or else the fence would be broken by 

 its pressure. Poplar- or willow-cuttings may be used instead 

 of pine-stakes ; they take root, and their side-shoots may 

 eventually be twined into a -fence. 



The fences should run at right angles to the direction of the 

 shifting sands, on both sides of roads, or other endangered 

 places, their ends being turned round to serve as a protection 



