MANUAL LABOUR. 171 



be bound legally by conditions covering all the interests of the 

 forest owner. 



In the case of extensive damage to forests by wind, insects, 

 snow, etc., when there is an extraordinary amount of material 

 to be converted, it is generally necessary to entrust the work 

 to contractors. Often in such cases the workmen are brought 

 from a distance, as Italians in South Germany, etc., and it is 

 necessary to make arrangements which the ordinary course of 

 forest-work does not require. 



In the years 1891 93, damage by the nun-moth in 

 S. Bavaria rendered recourse to contractors necessary. About 

 10,000,000 tons (9,968,000 c.m.) of dead wood had to be 

 felled and converted as speedily as possible. A band of 

 about 8,000 men had to be imported and organised. Twenty- 

 five barracks with heating-apparatus and beds had to be 

 built, each for 50 60 workmen, and provision made for 

 feeding them, with medical attendance, hospitals, and a 

 police force. Telephones were installed, and the number of 

 forest-guards increased considerably. It was necessary to set 

 up a temporary office, with clerks and accountants. All this 

 was done with such skill and financial success as to bring 

 great credit on the Bavarian Forest Ihipurtment. After this 

 work had been completed, forest management returned to its 

 ordinary channels. 



(e) Work done by Forest Settlers. Hitherto it has been 

 presupposed that for ordinary fellings the necessary labour- 

 gang could be secured within easy distance of the forest, but 

 there are forest districts where the population is so scattered 

 and scanty that the needful force of labour cannot be obtained 

 in the neighbourhood ; the manager is then obliged to engage 

 labourers from a distance and settle them in a regular colony 

 within his forest. It is evident that only in the last extremity 

 of scarcity of local labour would a forest-manager resort to 

 such an expensive measure as the above. 



Such colonies of forest- labourers are found at Herrenwies 

 in the Black Forest, and in other parts of Germany, also in 

 certain districts in Hungary. The settlers must be supplied 

 with houses, food, medical attendance, schools and churches, 

 plots of land to be cultivated and meadow- land for each 



