236 FELLING AND CONVERSION OF TIMBER. 



the woodcutter are termed rough assortments of timber, and 

 are distinguished as follows : 



(a) Timber. 



Timber is usually in logs or poles, sawn or cloven pieces. 

 It is also popularly distinguished according to its destination 

 for building purposes, implements, manufactures or agriculture. 



Building-Timber is used in superstructures, bridges, embank- 

 ments, mines, roads, railways, or in ship and boat -building. 



Timber for Implements is used for water-mills, windmills, 

 stamping-mills, oil-mills, etc.; also in many countries for cart- 

 wrights' work, etc. 



Manufacturers' Timber is used in all ordinary wood-working 

 industries, such as cabinet-making, carriage- or carfc-building, 

 turnery, wood-carving, coopers' work, etc. 



Agricultural Timber is used for gates and fences, hop-poles, 

 hurdles, stakes, pea and bean sticks, etc. (vide Chapter VI.). 



From a careful consideration of the distinction between the 

 different kinds of timber available, a forest-manager will 

 readily perceive how his trees should be converted in order to 

 meet these various requirements. 



Wood from stems is usually classed as logs or butts. The 

 distinction between stems and poles and between logs and 

 butts varies in different forests, but the following classes 

 usually occur in the timber-trade. 



Logs are the boles of full-grown trees, or the greater part of 

 them, after they have been topped and freed from branches. 

 Logs should measure at least 23 feet (7 meters) in length ; 



