CAREFUL METHODS OF CLEARING. 



267 



(Fig. 162), or ordinary levers. In the case of beasts dragging 

 the logs, chains are used, which may be fastened to the logs by 

 grappling-irons (Fig. 163), or by means of the slip (Fig. 164 

 for two horses or Fig. 165 for one). The short sledge (Fig. 172) 

 may be used. 



Before a log can be dragged or slid, generally it must be 

 turned over, or rolled into the drawing-track ; for this the 

 hook-lever may be used as shown in Fig. 159. To bring a log 

 parallel to the dragging-track, it suffices generally to place a 



. l.V.i. - - 



roller under its centre of gravity, when it can easily be turned 

 in any required direction. 



If a log is to be slid down by men, which evidently can be 

 done only if the ground is sufficiently steep, it is brought into 

 the sliding-track with its butt-end downwards, and then guided 

 by the krempe at its butt, as it is forced to slide downhill by 

 levers. The workmen who accompany it downhill release the 

 log should it stick against any obstacle, and bring it down to 

 the nearest export-road, or to level ground. 



When beasts are used to drag the logs, such as horses, bullocks 

 [in India, buffaloes and elephants. Tr.], the ground must be 

 level or only slightly inclined. The log is then held firmly, as 

 in the Alps, by the grappling-iron, or a hole is cut in the butt 

 of the log to which the dragging-chain is fastened. If the 



