FOREST-KOADS. 805 



roadway will be. If small stones are placed directly on a 

 coarse basis, the road soon becomes worse than the simplest 

 macadamised road ; the coarse stones from below work their 

 way through to the surface, rendering it uneven, and forming 

 holes into which material placed to mend the road soon sinks. 

 As these paved roads everywhere must be constructed strongly, 

 the retaining walls, culverts, bridges, etc., are much more 

 elaborate than on ordinary roads ; frequently solid masonry- 

 revetments are applied to the steep slopes above them in order 

 to prevent landslips, and in any case, slopes of soft material 

 must 1)6 terraced and wattled. 



The main roads coming from a forest, where the traffic is 

 continuous, should be constructed as paved roads or at least 

 macadamised. Even the most frequented subsidiary roads 

 should l>e macadamised. False economy is never more out of 

 place than in the construction of indispensable forest-roads. 

 [Kven mole-tracks four to six feet wide, in the Ilimala\;is. 

 should be macadamised. Tr.j 



(e) Roads made of Wood. Such roads are not durahle 

 and should l>e avoided as much ;is possible. On pealy 

 soil and in swampy depressions, however, they cannot be 

 dispensed with, nor for summer-sledging. They ;ire of three 

 kinds : roads made of fascines, of round pieces of wood and 

 sledge-roads. 



i. /tf>/t(/x iiidilr irilh l-'dsrinc*. 



Fascines are used for short distances in crossing swampy 

 ground, which cannot he drained easily, especially over peat- 

 mosses where macadam would sink in uselessly. After digging 

 the boundary ditches of such roads, a layer about one foot 

 deep of birch, spruce or Scots-pine branches is placed evenly 

 on the track, the larger ends being turned inwards ; on this is 

 laid a layer of moss, heather, bilberry or turf-sods, etc., which- 

 ever the locality affords, and the surface is completed with 

 gravel, iron-pan or clay. Sand alone should not be used, as 

 it soon finds its way through the substructure of the road, 

 and in any case is a bad binding material ; sand, however, 

 when mixed with clay or loam, may be used to cover the 

 roadway. 



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