MODK <)F CONYKYANCK ON KOADS. 3 1 3 



firewood form the load, or from 3 to 6 butts, according to the 

 gradient. 



[In the Himalayan sledge-road referred to on p. 306, 

 two men carry down daily 100 120 meter-gauge sleepers 

 (6J ft. X 8J X 43 inches), whilst they could carry down only 

 24 on their shoulders, the distance being 1 mile and 1 furlong. 

 Twenty-five meter gauge or 15 broad gauge sleepers go to a 

 load, the weight being about 1 ton. Plate III. shows the 

 nature of the sledges used ; they are 3 feet wide. Tr.j 



(b) Transport by Beasts. 



Transport by the help of beasts is carried on with carts and 

 sledges, and less frequently by dragging or by pack animals. 



i. Ordiiuiri/ Curl Tr<ijjir. 



On a dry roadway the ordinary four-wheeled timber-cart is 

 used, and for firewood it must have sides, but for poles and 

 middle-sized logs, these are not required. The wood is secured 

 to the cart by means of ropes and chains ; and specially 

 strong carts are used for largo logo and butts. 



The mode of transport by carts depends chiefly on the quality 

 of the roads, as obviously larger carts may bu used on good 

 roads than on bad ones. The largest waggons for lire wood 

 are used in the Schwarzwald, and often carry 30 to 30 stacked 

 cubic meters of wood (14 to 17 tons). 



In carrying long logs, the front and back parts of the timber- 

 cart are separated and the butt-ends of the logs are placed in 

 front, their smaller ends being suspended under the axle of 

 the hinder pair of wheels, so as to allow for turning at curves 

 in the road. All timber-carts should contain levers, a screw- 

 jack and the necessary chains. If the wheels are high 

 enough, the log is sometimes hung under both axles, which 

 saves the frequently laborious process of loading the timber ; 

 and if, in such cases, in descending steep slopes, one end of 

 the logs drag along the ground, it then acts as a brake. 



Generally horses are employed in timber transport, although 

 bullocks are very serviceable and replace them in certain 

 districts on the Continent and in hot countries. 



