

RAFTING. 411 



'certain cases on the width of the openings in the weirs. 

 Tsually the thicker ends of the logs are placed at one end 

 of the section and their thinner ends at the other. In fastening 

 the withes care must be taken to give the logs sufficient play 

 so that at any rate each log may be able to move slightly 

 in a vertical direction. This is absolutely necessary for 

 watercourses with numerous little rapids and with inequalities 

 in the bed of their channel, as each section is then better able 

 to accommodate itself to the uneven surface. 



On the channels with an even flow, and on the larger streams 

 and rivers, the logs are fastened together as follows, with 

 rigid raft-sections. 



ii. liaft-xt'ctioiis ia*t<'nl irith 



This second mode of making up raft-sections is shown in 

 Fig. 273; it is much more common than the former method, 



ion with pule. 



and is in use on nearly all steadily flowing rivers, the Spree, 

 Saale, Oder, Elbe, Main, Rhine, etc. The logs are landed and 

 bored through at a b and d c, Fig. 274 ; they are then 

 returned to the water and fastened to a pole (m ?/), as in 

 Fig. 273. Generally beech poles are used, but also spruce 

 and silver-fir poles. The poles being placed over the ends of 

 the logs which are to be fastened and between the bore-holes 

 in them, the thin end of a withe is passed through a b over 

 the pole, and then into c. The thick end of the withe 

 gets jammed in a />, and the thin end is fixed in c d by 

 means of a wooden wedge. Instead of withes, the poles may 



