BUILDING OF SHIPS AND BOATS. 577 



tail-off at the small end. Steam-power is however replacing 

 wind-power to a great extent. 



As regards the demands for wood for the interior of factories 

 the following short remarks will be made : 



All wheels are made of iron, but hornbeam and dogwood are 

 used sometimes for cogs. In sawmills, the supports of the 

 saw and the bed are made chiefly of coniferous wood, the 

 rollers of the latter are of wood of hornbeam, elm or oak. In 

 flour-mills, except the wheels, most of the fittings, such as the 

 hoppers and meal-bins are made of coniferous wood. The 

 case in which the mill-stones work should be of Scots pine- 

 wood as free from resin as possible, or of silver-fir wood. All 

 parts of the mill where friction is exerted should be of beech 

 or hornbeam. In oil-mills and stamping- works, hard broad- 

 leaved wood, such as that of beech, hornbeam, oak and ash, 

 is required rather than coniferous wood, and also for pounding 

 troughs in oil, tan, powder and bone-mills. 



Stamping-hammers are now made usually of iron, but in 

 mountainous forest districts, many are still of wood bound 

 with iron, and large quantities of beech, birch or hornbeam 

 logs are used for them, in round pieces 8 to 10 inches in 

 diameter and 6 to 8 feet long. These pieces often require 

 replacing 6 to 8 times in a year. They come constantly in 

 contact with the glowing mass of iron below them, on which 

 water is poured, which causes them to crack in all directions 

 and wear out rapidly. 



The anvil- stock below the hammers is made of an oak log 

 at least 3 feet in diameter and 6 feet long, which is bound 

 with iron and let firmly into the ground. 



Wood is used largely in all factories for frame-work, work- 

 tables, floors, etc., and after coniferous wood, beechwood in 

 thick planks and scantling is employed chiefly. 



SECTION VI. BUILDING OF SHIPS AND BOATS. 



1. General Account. 



In no industry has wood of recent years been replaced more 

 largely by iron than in shipbuilding. It is chiefly the larger 

 men-of-war, steamers, and sailing ships which are built of 



F.U. p P 



