580 INDUSTRIAL USES OF WOOD. 



Larchwood from high latitudes, or altitudes, comes next to 

 the Scots-pine as mastwoocl, and this species is used largely 

 for masts in the Kussian navy, where the northern Ural 

 mountains yield splendid larch-timber. Spruce and silver-fir 

 yield only inferior mastwood, their timber not being strong 

 enough for the purpose. In the Austrian mercantile navy, 

 however, sprucewood from Carinthia and other provinces is 

 largely used for masts. Spruce masts also are used largely 

 for sailing-boats on most of the German rivers. [Picea 

 Omorica was used in Venice for masts. Tr.] 



American and Australian conifers also are used for masts, 

 such as the Douglas-fir, Canadian Wey mouth -pine, Kauri 

 (Dammara australis) of New Zealand, all of which come to 

 European dockyards in increasing quantities. 



For the inner lining of ships, besides the woods already 

 mentioned, of which teak, oak, larch, and Scots-pine are used 

 largely for deck-planking, many other inferior species are 

 employed. Injected beechwood is used sometimes, not only 

 for keels, but for the whole framework of ships on the Dalma- 

 tian coast ; the wood of elm, maple, lime, etc. ; as well as 

 ornamental woods such as mahogany, walnut, birds-eye 

 maple, etc., are used in fitting-up cabins, saloons, etc. ; 

 guaiacum-wood and boxwood are used for models and pulleys. 

 [Herring boats in Scotland are made of larchwood, and so 

 are many English barges. Cedrela-wood is used for river 

 boats, as well as spruce, oak and ash. Tr.] 



3. Permissible Dejects. 



All wood used for shipbuilding cannot be free entirely from 

 defects, for if that were the case, sufficient wood would not be 

 obtainable from a large forest district to make a single ship, 

 as old oakwood is seldom perfectly sound. Wood which, 

 owing to its dimensions, is ranked as first-class, may have 

 small local defects which do not weaken the balks. Brown 

 spots and rings at the larger end of a balk, provided they 

 do not penetrate far into the wood, and may be removed 

 by shortening the balk, need not cause it to be rejected. 

 Where small patches of red or white rot and other similar 

 defects occur, which are dried thoroughly and are not expected 



