OARS AND RUDDERS. 



601 



and water-tight. Shingles used in this way are from 16 to 24 

 inches long, 3 to 10 inches broad, and from f inch down to 

 ^ inch thick. In many countries they are so thin at one 

 end as to be semi-transparent, especially in the case of larch 

 shingles. Another kind of roofing (Legdacher) is employed 

 frequently in Alpine districts, the shingles being from 30 to 

 40 inches long, and 8 to 12 inches broad. They overlap one 

 another, and are fastened down by nailing split laths over 

 them. In the case of tiled roofs, thin laths, 12 to 14 inches 

 long and 2 to 3 

 inches broad, are 

 placed wherever one 

 tile is superposed over 

 another. 



Shingles are split 

 radially from the 

 butts, and the sectors 

 thus obtained are 

 continually split until 

 pieces of the right 

 dimensions have been 

 secured ; they are 

 then made smooth. As the central portion of the butts cannot 

 be used for shingles, there is a loss of 35 to 40 per cent, of 

 wood in making them, and even more. Machines have been 

 invented for making shingles, that by Gangloff* being the 

 best known ; thus a man and boy can make 700 shingles 

 in a day, and wood of inferior quality may be utilised. 

 Shingles stained black or red, the better to resist the weather, 

 are prepared in Sweden. Fireproof shingles also are employed. 

 In America, Wey mouth pine, thuya, juniper, taxodium, 

 sequoia, sugar-pine and Douglas-fir are used. 



[In the Western Himalayas, deodar, and other conifers are 

 used for shingles, the former wood being extremely durable. 

 -Tr.] 



2. Wood for Oars and Rudders. 



Large quantities of wood are used for making rudders and 

 oars. Ashwood is best, but much oak and beech also are used. 



* Foret. u. Jagd/eitung, 1872, p. 312. 



Fig. :M2. Position of shingles on a roof. 



