WINDOW-FKAMES. 607 



pencils are made of the wood of lime, spruce, Cembran pine 

 and poplar. The wood is partly split and partly planed into 

 shape. 



8. Wood for Striny Musical Instruments. 



Split wood is used for making violins, violoncellos and other 

 string-instruments. As steamed woods more or less curved 

 and pressed into shape are required, only split wood, but not 

 sawn wood, can stand the strain. The fronts and backs of 

 the instruments are made of spruce and silver-fir wood, and 

 their sides of sycamore. As regards fine zones and uniform 

 structure, wood of even superior quality to that used for 

 pianofortes is required. The zones in the wood for violins 

 should not exceed 1 to 2 mm. (^ to % inch) ; for double- 

 basses and violoncellos it may be coarser-textured, 2 to 4 mm. 

 (A to J inch). 



The higher the key, the finer the woody zones should be. 

 This valuable wood is steadily becoming scarce. Up to the 

 present it has been obtained from selection forests, in which 

 the suitable trees are found disseminated. It is rare that an 

 entire stem can be used for making musical instruments, only 

 the fine-zoned external parts of it being suitable. These 

 pieces are imported in split sector-shaped pieces, from which 

 the core has been removed, in lengths of 16 to 30 inches for 

 violins, or of 40 to 60 inches for the larger string instruments. 

 Grasenau (in the Bavarian Forest), Mittenwald (in the 

 Bavarian Alps), and Markneukirschen (in Saxony) are the 

 best known markets for these goods. 



SECTION XII. WINDOW-FRAMES. 



Glaziers formerly used chiefly oakwood for window-frames ; 

 less frequently, wood of sweet chestnut, elm, larch and Scots 

 pine. More recently, in large towns, the better kinds of 

 Scots pinewood [or teak. Tr.] have replaced oak for this 

 purpose. The glazier requires oakwood of similar quality to 

 that used by the cooper ; generally it is sawn, with a nearly 

 square section, or is taken from the refuse wood after splitting 

 staves, or is split from billets. Sawn oak planks are used for 



