608 INDUSTRIAL USES OF WOOD. 



the larger windows. The advantage of split wood for this 

 purpose is that it warps less than sawn wood. Coniferous 

 window-frame wood comes into the market ready prepared by 

 machinery. Iron is steadily replacing wood for window- 

 frames, especially in windows of shops and other large 

 buildings. 



SECTION XIII. WOOD-CARVING. 



The wood-carver is represented by a whole class of artizans 

 who use a number of chisel-like tools, especially in the finish 

 of their products. The following classification of these wares 

 is attempted : 



1. Coarse Wood-Carving. 



All sorts of bowls, plates, platters ; corn, meal, malt/ and 

 bakers' shovels ; kitchen-rollers, milliners' blocks, and stands 

 for shops, milk-ladles, wooden spoons, wooden shoes and heels, 

 shoemakers' lasts, saddle-trees, etc. Beechwood chiefly is 



Figs. 344 and 345. Instruments for making sabots. 



used for these articles and sycamore-wood for cooking 

 apparatus ; wood of birch, aspen, lime and poplar also are 

 used, and boxwood for the finest Russian wares. 



Chiefly short wooden butts are used, which for the larger 

 bowls, platters, etc., should be 3 feet and more in diameter, 

 and, on account of their size, are becoming scarce. For 

 smaller articles, and especially sabots, or wooden shoes, the 

 better sorts of timber are required. All the timber used 

 should split easily, be perfectly sound and free from defects 

 and knots. 



As the finished articles must be, above all, safe from warping 



