TURNERY. 61 1 



woods are most suitable for this purpose, in which neither the 

 annual rings nor the medullary rays are too prominent. 



Lime wood is best, and then comes the wood of sycamore, 

 horse-chestnut, walnut and fruit-trees. Oakwood is much 

 used for carving, mountain and Cembran pinewood for inferior 

 work. Besides carvings in which human figures and beasts 

 are imitated, ornamental furniture is made largely, also frames 

 for mirrors, clock-cases, etc. 



Numerous smaller articles, such as ash-trays, salad- spoons 

 and forks, paper-weights, napkin-rings, photograph-frames, 

 etc., are produced in large numbers. There are now places, 

 such as Oberanmiergau, Berchtesgaden and Salzburg, where 

 wood-carving, fostered by schools of art, forms the chief 

 occupation of the people. 



[Fine wood-carving has long been a speciality in India, 

 and very valuable art-furniture is now made in the Punjab, 

 Burma, and other provinces. Tr.] 



A special form of wood-carving consists in the large wooden 

 type used for advertisements, notices, etc. Pear and apple- 

 wood, sycamore and boxwood are used chiefly, and this 

 industry has its principal seat in Switzerland. 



[Wood-engravers use almost exclusively boxwood for their 

 plates to illustrate books and newspapers, and this wood is 

 steadily becoming rarer, selling at from ,20 to i'30 a ton 

 in London. There is a considerable area of boxwood forest in 

 the Himalayas, the protection of which is highly advisable ; 

 the wood is used chiefly for making combs. Tr.] 



SECTION XIV. TURNERY. 



The turner employs hard, homogeneous wood capable of 

 being polished, and besides using many exotic woods, such as 

 box, ebony, etc., prefers the wood of beech, sycamore, horn- 

 beam, service-tree, birch, aspen, yew, walnut and fruit-trees. 

 Chiefly split pieces of wood are used and the turner purchases 

 round butts or split billets. 



Although the demands the turner makes on the forest are 

 only small, it is interesting to give an account of some of his 

 wares. Large wooden screws for wine or oil-presses are 

 made of the wood of pear, apple or hornbeam ; for mangles 



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