620 INDUSTRIAL USES OF WOOD. 



Suppressed steins of evergreen conifers with flat, scanty 

 crowns are placed along the sides of roads in order to point 

 out the roadway in times of heavy snowfall. 



3. Small branches of all species of trees, but especially of 

 conifers, serve as shelter to delicate plants against sun or frost, 

 or for decorative purposes. Near towns the sale of such material 

 that is pruned from open plantations is a productive source of 

 revenue. They are sold by weight, in bundles, or by the cart- 

 load. Holly, mistletoe, etc., are extensively used at Christmas. 



Sub-division IV. Woods arranged according to their 



Uses. 



In the following abstract of the technical uses to which wood 

 may be put, only its uses as timber are considered. The list 

 first contains the European woods, and then the most service- 

 able foreign woods. 



1. Woods of Broadleared Trees. 



Oakwood. Used for superstructures, hydraulic works, 

 bridges, ship and boat-building, gate-posts, mill-wheels, 

 railway-sleepers, mining timber, joiners' work, cabinet- 

 making ; for wheelwrights' work, blocks, staves, bungs, 

 sieve-frames, shingles, trenails, wood-carving, pianoforte- 

 making, turnery, window-frames, park-palings, vine-stakes, 

 hurdles, rungs for ladders, etc. 



It should be noted that the fine-zoned, easily worked, softer 

 wood of the sessile oak is preferred to that of pedunculate 

 oak for all purposes making less demands on size, hard- 

 ness, strength and durability. The latter is preferable for 

 construction of all kinds, for staves, wheelwrights' work, 

 split-wood, etc. 



Ashwood. For pillars, stamping hammers, wheelwrights' 

 work, joinery implements, tool- and whip-handles, billiard- 

 cues, racquets, hurdles, barrel-hoops, gymnastic apparatus, 

 lance-shafts, rudders and oars, thatchwood for stacks. Figured 

 ashwood is greatly in demand for furniture. 



Elmwood. Used by the furniture-maker, undertaker and 

 turner, greatly in demand by the wheelwright; For butchers' 



