734 OTHER MINOR PRODUCE FROM TREES. 



Bird-lime is made from the fruits of mistleto (Viscum 

 album) and from the inner bark of holly. The inner bark of 

 Trocbodendron (Japan) yields- a stronger bird-lime. Hydran- 

 geas, Hibiscus and Acer crataegifolium (Japan) supply size for 

 paper. 



Lacquer from China and Japan is made with latex of Rhus 

 vernicifent. 



Oils, fats and wax. Usually oils are pressed from seeds ; 

 beech-nuts, walnuts and hazel-nuts and many other fruits 

 yield oil. Vegetable wax covers the bark of Myrica cerifera, 

 in the southern States of N. America. Wax used in Japan 

 for making candles and oil, is obtained from the seeds of Rhus 

 succedanea, which also grows in the Himalayas. [The euphor- 

 biaceous tree, Sapium sebiferum, the Chinese and Japanese 

 tallow-tree, is cultivated in India, wax-candles are made from 

 it in China and Japan, the wax being separated by boiling the 

 seeds. Cocoanut oil is prepared from copra, the dry kernel of 

 Cocos nucifera, which is an important article of trade. Tr.] 



Salicin is a bitter substance prepared from the bark of 

 willows and poplars and used in medicine as a febrifuge, 

 instead of quinine. 



Quinine is a bitter alkaloid, coming into trade as a phosphate 

 or sulphate. It is present in the bark of species of Peruvian 

 Cinchonas, which are cultivated in subtropical countries, as 

 coppices, resembling those for oak-bark. In very wet localities 

 during the monsoon, the bark is stripped from the tree close 

 to the cambium, which produces fresh inner bark. In Java, 

 by grafting shoots that are very rich in quinine, on naturally 

 grown seedlings, a 20 percentage of quinine has been obtained. 

 [In India,* Cinchona Calisaya, at moderate elevations, yields 

 the best bark, rich in alkaloids, of which quinine forms from 

 half to four-fifths. C. officinalis, at high elevations, is not 

 quite so rich, while C. succirubra, thrives at lower elevations, 

 but is comparatively poor in quinine, though rich in cincho- 

 nine and chichonidine. The trees grow in Peru, at altitudes 

 from 2,300 to 8,000 feet above sea-level. Tr.] 



* Gamble, " Manual of Indian Timbers." 



