MODE OF UTILIZATION. 33 



and if the expense of its maintenance falls exclusively on the 

 forest-owner, this may cost him more than he obtains from 

 the stone-quarry. In such cases a condition should be entered 

 in the lease of the quarry for payment by the lessee for 

 maintaining the road in good condition. 



Although regular quarries are usually more profitable than 

 the mere collection of boulders, the latter are often harder and 

 drier than freshly quarried stone from the damp mountain-side, 

 and are, therefore, much used for rough building purposes, if 

 the slope on which they are lying is steep enough to facilitate 

 their collection, and roads are available for their removal from 

 the forest. 



As in this case, the stones are collected from among trees, 

 damage to the standing-crop is always to be feared, and 

 especially to the roots of the trees. It is the interest of 

 the lessee, however, to be careful, as he would otherwise lose 

 the business, so that the best precautions against damage are 

 usually taken. 



[Considerable damage is done to the roots of trees in the 

 forests of Normandy, by removal of superficial flint-nodules. 

 It should also be noted that large stones lying in regeneration 

 areas often preserve moisture in the soil, and therefore their 

 removal should be restricted to older woods, in which the 

 cover has not been interrupted. Tr.] 



The forest-owner rarely undertakes the quarrying or removal 

 of stones at his own expense ; even if he should require the 

 stones for buildings, walls, or road-metalling, it is better to 

 obtain them by contract, rather than by daily labour. Hence 

 it is usual to lease quarries. 



As regards the components of weathered forest soil and 

 substrata, humus and vegetable-mould, for gardens and 

 forest-nurseries ; sand and gravel, for roads and buildings ; 

 clay for harbour-works and for bricks and tiles ; kaolin for 

 porcelain, are the chief items. 



[In the north of India, considerable revenues are obtained 

 by leasing the limestone-boulders in the beds of watercourses, 

 which are dry for 8 months in the year; lime-burning has the 

 further advantage of causing a large demand for firewood, for 

 which it is often difficult otherwise to find a market. Tr.] 



F.U. 3 H 



