Zizyphus. ] RIIAMNEJE. 89 



A moderate-sized deciduous tree, almost evergreen. Bark J inch 

 thick, dark grey, nearly black, with long 1 , deep, irregular cracks. Wood 

 hard, reddish ; no heartwood ; no annual rings. Pores small or moderate- 

 sized, scanty, often oval and subdivided. Medullary rays fine and very 

 numerous, uniform and equidistant; the distance between two rays much 

 less than the transverse diameter of the pores. Pores frequently joined 

 by very fine, wavy, interrupted, concentric lines. 



Cultivated throughout India and Burma. Its original habitat doubtful. 



Weight, according to Skinner, No. 135, 58 Ibs. ; Cunningham, 57 Ibs. ; our speci- 

 mens give from 43 to 52 Ibs. Cunningham gives the value of P as 495 ; Skinner 072. 



Wood used for saddletrees and agricultural implements, oil-mills, and other 

 purposes. The fruit is commonly eaten and is much improved by cultivation. 



O 265. Garhwal (1868) *'. 



C 2815. Melghat, Berar 



C 1128. Ahiri Reserve, Central Provinces 43 



1) 1071. North Arcot, Madras 52 



P 885, from Multan, sent under the name of Z.flexuosa, has the same structure 

 as Z. Jujuba, but the pores are round and moderate-sized. Weight, 48 Ibs. 



2. Z. mmmmlaria, W . and A. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 633 ; Beddome Ixix. ; 

 Brandis 88. Z. microp/iylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 613. Vern. Karkanna, 

 Afgh.; Malta, ber, birdr, jhari, kanta, N.-W. P.; Gangr, jangra, Sind; 

 Parpalli gidda, Kan. 



A thorny shrub with grey bark. Wood yellow, hard, compact. 

 Structure similar to that of Z, Jujuba, except that the pores are larger and 

 the medullary rays are somewhat further apart; the distance between 

 the rays is less than the transverse diameter of the pores. 



Drier parts of North-West India and the Dekkan. 



Growth : No. P 2931 shews well-marked annual rings and a fast growth of 2 to 

 3 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 43 Ibs. per cubic foot on an average. It is used 

 to make fences round fields and gardens. The leaves are threshed out and used as 

 fodder for sheep and goats. The fruit is eaten. 



Ibs. 



P 2931. Bhajji, Simla, 3,000 feet 41 



p |^- j Sabathu, Punjab, 3,000 feet 42 



P 442. Ajmere 46 



3. Z. oxyphylla, Edgw. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 634; Brandis 86. Vern. 

 Kurkan b6r, Afgh. ; Pitni, Kokan der } amldi, amnia, beri, shamor, Pb. ; 

 Giggar, N.-W. P. 



A thorny shrub with thin brown bark. Wood white, moderately hard. 

 Pores small, somewhat larger and more numerous on the inner edge of 

 each annual ring. Medullary rays equidistant, very fine ; the distance 

 between the rays equal to the diameter of the pores. 



Outer Himalaya from the Indus to the Ganges from 2,000 to 6,000 feet. 

 II 2947. Suni, Sutlej Valley, 3,000 feet. 



4. Z. (Enoplia, Mill.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 634; Beddome Ixix.; 

 Brandis 86; Kurz i. 266. Z. Napeca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 612. Vern. 

 Makai, Hind. ; Shyakul, Beng. ; Barokoli, Uriya ; Irun, C. P. ; Paranu, 

 paramie, porki, Tel. ; Tauzeemvay, Burm. 



A straggling or climbing shrub with rough, dark-grey bark. Wood 

 reddish with the structure of a climber. Concentric bands consisting 



