

Carissa.] APOCYNEJL 261 



Beaumontiagrand\ftor&,'Y?2&;\ Kurz ii. 179; liambl.-SC. (Echitesgrandijlora, Roxb. 

 Fl. Ind. ii. 14). Veru. Barbari, Nep., is a large climber of Northern and Eastern Bengal, 

 with a large trumpet-shaped flower. Chonemorpha wacrophylla, G. Don ; Brandis 328 ; 

 Kurx. ii. 187; Gamble 56 (Echites macrophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 13). Vern. Gar 

 badero, Hind.; YokchounriJc, Lepcha ; llarki, Sylhet, is a largo milky climbing shrub 

 of Northern and Eastern Bengal and the Andaman Islands, with broad leaves, beauti- 

 ful large white flowers, and long fruit, yielding a kind of caoutchouc. Vallaris dit-ho- 

 toma, Wall. ; Brandis 327 ; Kurz ii. 181 (Echites dichotoma, Uoxb. Fl. Ind. 19). Vern. 

 Dudhi, Kumaun ; Happur-mali, Beng., is a large twining shrub of the Sub-Himalayan 

 tract from the Ganges eastwards, Central and South India and Burma (C 2921 Central 

 Provinces). Urceola esculenta, Bth. ; Kurz. ii. 184 (Chavannesia esculenta, DC.), is a 

 climber of Tenasserim, said by Mr. G. W. Strettell to be common all over Pegu and to 

 yield a superior kind of caoutchouc (to this genus also belongs U. elastica, Roxb., 

 giving the Borneo rubber). The remaining genera of climbers, Chilocarpus, Melodinus, 

 Winchia, Alyxia, Ellertonia (South India), Parsonsia, Pottsia, Strophanthus, 

 Parameria, Ichnocarpus (Northern and Eastern India), Epigynum, and Anodendron, 

 are chiefly Burmese, but contain few species of any forest importance. 



Rauwolfia serpentina, Bth. ; Kurz ii. 171 (Ophioxylon serpentinumiWilld.. ; Roxb. 

 Fl. Ind. i. 694; Beddome clvi. ; Gamble 55.) Vern. Chandra, Beng. ; Patalgani, Tel. 

 is a small undershrub of Bengal, Burma and South India; and R. densiflora, Bth.; 

 Beddome clvi., an erect shrub of the Western Ghats and Ceylon. Hunteria Roxburghiana, 

 Wight ; Beddome clviii., is a shrub of the Tinnevelly Ghats. Ochrosia contains 2 small 

 trees : O. salubris, Bl. ; Kurz ii. 172, of the tidal forests of the Andamans, and O. Bor- 

 bonica, Gmel. ; Beddome clviii., of similar localities in Ceylon and probably Travancore. 

 'Kopsiafruticosa, DC. (Calpicarpum Roxburghii, G. Don ; Kurz ii. 178.) Vern. Salap 

 Burin., is an evergreen large shrub of Burma, often planted. Rhazya stricta, De- 

 caisne; Brandis 322. Vern. Vena, Salt Range ; Gander a, Trans-Indus; Sewar, sihar, 

 ishwarff, Sind, is a shrub of the arid zone of the Punjab, Sind and Afghanistan ; its 

 wood is used for fuel, and the fruit and leaves in native medicine. 



Wood white, soft (hard in Carissa), without heartwood. Pores small 

 or very small. Medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Alstonia is 

 anomalous in having moderate-sized pores, distant rays and concentric 

 lines of soft texture. 



1. CARISSA, Linn. 



Contains 4 species. C. Carandas, Linn. ; Beddorne clvi. ; Brandis 320 ; Kurz ii. 169 ; 

 Roxb Fl. Ind. i. 687. Vern. Karaunda, karunda, garinga, karrond, timukhia, gotho, 

 Hind. ; Kurumia, bainchi, Beng. ; Karekai, heggarjige, Kan., is a small tree cultivated, 

 for its fruit in many parts of India, and wild in Oudh, Bengal and South India. C. 

 Dalzellii, Beddome clvii., is a small tree of Coorg, S. Kanara and the Bombay Ghats. 



1. C. diffusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 689; Beddome clvii. ; Brandis 321 ; 

 Kurz ii. 169. Vern. Karaunda, Hind.; Gdn, garna, garinda, Pb. ; San 

 karunda, Uriya ; Wakoilu, Tel. 



A small, thorny, evergreen shrub, with light grey bark. Wood hard, 

 smooth, close-grained, said when very old (in Kangra) to be black and 

 fragrant (Braudis). Annual rings marked by an interrupted line of 

 pores. Pores very small and extremely small. Medullary rays very 

 fine, very numerous. 



Wild in most parts of India, especially in the drier zones as in the plains of the 

 Punjab, the Sub-Himalayan tract up to 4,000 feet, and in Trans-Indus territory; 

 also on the coast of South Andaman (Kurz). 



It is generally gregarious, often forming undergrowth in forests of Pinus 

 longifolia, bamboo, and occasionally teak. It spreads rapidly in clearings, coppices 

 freely, and gives an excellent fuel. It is used for turning and combs, and to make dry 

 fences. Growth slow, 15 rings per inch of radius. 



P 112. Bhajji, Simla, 4,000 feet. 



