324 UKTICACE^;. [Bohmeria. 



Dorstenia Grffithiana, Kurz ii. 462, is an evergreen low shrub of Tenasserim. 



ConocepJialus suaveolens, El. ; Kurz ii. 430 ; Gamble 77, is a large climber of 

 Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma. 



Cudrania javanensis, Trecul ; Brandis 425; Gamble 73 (Cudranus Rumphii, 

 Thw. ; Beddome ccxx., C. amboinensis,Ruwiph. ; Kurz ii. 434) Vern. Manda, mandei, 

 Jcangu, Hind., is a straggling shrub of the Sub-Himalayan tract, Eastern Bengal and 

 Ceylon. The bark is yellowish brown, smooth, and the wood used for fuel. 

 C. fruticosa, Wight, and C. frutescens, Trecul; Kurz ii. 434, 435, are scandent 

 Burmese shrubs. 



Gironniera contains 4 to 5 trees. G. reticulata, Thw. ; Beddome t. 313 (G. cus- 

 pidata, Planch.; Kurz ii. 470), is a large tree of the Western Ghats and Burma, said 

 to have a valuable timber. G. nervosa, Planch. ; Kurz ii. 469, is a large tree of 

 Chittagong and Burma. G. hicida, Kurz ii. 470, is a tree of the Andaman Islands; and 

 G. Thomsoni, King ; Gamble 73, a large tree of the Sikkim hills. 



As regards structure, the following three types may be distinguished : 



1st. Artocarpus type. Distinct dark-coloured heartwood (excepting 

 Antiaris, Sjponia, Debregeasia and Pouzolzia}. Pores isolated, 

 sometimes in groups, but not in concentric or oblique lines ; 

 sometimes enclosed in a ring. The species of a temperate 

 climate have annual rings, which are generally marked by a 

 belt of larger pores. To this belong the arborescent Urticeue, 

 Bohmeria, Pouzolzia, and Debregeasia ; of Morea3, Morns and 

 Broussonetia ; of ArtocarpeaB, Antiaris and Artocarpus ; and of 

 Ulmese, Sponia. 



2nd. Ulmus type. Pores united by concentric narrow bands of 

 softer texture; in the temperate species the annual rings 

 are marked by a porous belt of large pores. To this belong : 

 of Ulmacese, Celtis and Ulmus. 



3rd. Ficus type, Wood soft, no heartwood, consisting of alternate 

 bands of soft and firm texture, the small or moderate-sized 

 pores being generally included in the former. To this be- 

 long : of Morea3, Streblus', and of Artocarpeae, Ficus. 



The only character which the species of the Order Urticacece may be 

 said to have in common is that the medullary rays are prominent, fine, 

 rarely moderately broad. 



1. BOHMERIA, Jacq. 



Contains about 10 to 12 species. B. macrophylla, Don; Brandis 403; Kurz ii. 

 424 ; Gamble 76. Vern. Saochdla, golka, Kumaun ; Kamli, Nep., is a handsome 

 long-leaved shrub of the outer Himalaya from Kumaun eastwards up to 4,000 feet, 

 and the Khasia Hills. It gives a good fibre, used to make ropes and fishing lines. 

 B. travancorica, Beddome ccxxv., is a small tree of the Wynaad, South Kanura Ghats 

 and Travancore hills up to 4,500 feet B. malabarica, Wedd. ; Kurz ii. 422 ; 

 Gamble 76. Vern. Takbret, Lepcha; and B. Hamiltoniana, Wedd. ; Kurz ii. 1-M ; 

 Gamble 76. Vern. Taksur, Lepcha ; Kanaitscik, Magh ; Sapsha, Burni., are common 

 undershrubs which give a strong fibre. The first is found in the moister zones of India 

 and Burma, the second in Northern and Eastern Bengal and Burma. JJ. nloea t Hook, 

 and Am. ; Brandis 402 (Urtica tcnacissima, Koxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 590), is the "China 

 Grass" or " Khea" plant, cultivated in Assam, Bengal and parts of North-West India 

 for its fibre, which is one of the finest, produced in the world. It is a liner fibre than 

 jute, and the plant would be still more largely grown and exported were it not for its 

 requiring a richer soil, and being more difflotut of preparation. 



1. B. ruglllosa, Wedd.; Brandis 403; Gamble 76. Vein. Geli, 

 i) Hind.; Dar, Nep.; Sedeug, 



