344 URTICACK.K. 



used for oars, whip handles and for other purposes requiring toughness and elasticity. 

 The tree is largely planted about villages in the North- West Himalaya for shade and 

 fodder. 



Ibs. 

 H 36. Julung, Simla, 5,000 feet ... . 47 



3. C. tetrandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 63 ; Brandis 429 ; Kurz ii. 472 ; 



Gamble 72. C. seroiina, Planch. ; Beddome ccxviii. Veru. Ruimum, 

 sungsum, Lepcba; Haktapatia, Ass. 



A tall tree. Wood greyish white, moderately hard. Pores numer- 

 ous, frequently subdivided, those of the inner edge of each annual ring- 

 large, forming a narrow, porous belt ; those of the outer portion moderate- 

 sized and arranged in oblique wavy lines. Medullary rays moderately 

 broad and fine, prominent on a radial section as long, narrow plates. 



Outer Himalaya, from Kumaun eastwards, Western Ghats. 

 Growth moderate, 5 to 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 36 to 37 Ibs. per 

 cubic foot. Used in Assam for planking and canoes. 



Ibs. 



E 669. Bamunpokri Forest, Darjeeling Terai 36 



E 707. Great Rangi't Valley, Darjeeling . . ... 37 



4. C. caucasica, Willd. ; Brandis 429. Vern. Batker, Pb. 



A moderate-sized tree, with grey bark i inch thick. "Wood light 

 yellow, hard to very hard. Structure resembling that of C. australis, 

 but the pores on the inner edge of each annual ring are very large, and 

 consequently very prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays 

 broader and further apart than in C. australis. 



Afghanistan, Beluchistan, Salt Kange, Hazara, Kashmir. 



Growth moderate, 10 rings per inch of radius. Weight, 44 Ibs. per cubic foot. 



Ibs. 



H 932, Hazara . . 44 



H 3169. Dungagalli, Hazara 



13. SPONIA, Comm. 



Wood light-coloured, no heartwood, soft or moderately hard. Pores 

 small or moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad. 



1. S. orientalis, Planchon; Beddome ccxix. ; Brandis 430; Gamble 

 72. Celtis or icn tails, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 65. Trema orientalis t 

 Bl. ; Kurz ii. 468. S. Wightii, Planch.; Beddome t. 311, and S. amboi- 

 nensis, Dene (S. velutina, Planch.), are probably not specifically distinct. 

 Indian Nettle Tree. Vern. Badu manu, C.P. ; Kooail, Nep. ; Tugla, 

 Lepcha ; Param, Mechi ; Jupong^phakram^jigmi, sapong, sempalt, amphuk, 

 opaug (see Agri- Horticultural Society of India Proceedings for Novem- 

 ber 1877), Ass.; Mini, Tarn.; Gada-nelli, Tel. ; Gorklu, Kan. ; Qol, 

 Mar. ; Eukni, Baigas. 



A small fast-growing and short-lived tree. Bark thin, greyish brown, 

 with numerous lenticels. Wood light reddish grey, soft. Pores modi-r. 

 ate-sized, often subdivided, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays fine, 

 numerous, uniform, very prominent on a radial section, the distance be- 

 tween the rays generally equal to or greater than the transverse dia- 

 meter of the pores. 



Himalaya from Nepal eastwards, Bengal, Burma, Central and Southern India. 



