< A I . I C I NKyK . 379 



2. P. ciliata, Wall. , Brandis 475 ; Gamble 81 . Vcrn. Safeda, 

 phatja,p/ilassu, fulis, paluck, phalsh, ban phruxhi, dud phrax, ^.\v///, 

 rtkkan, saki, pabe, chanun, krammalykrambal, pahari pipal, Pb. ; 

 clielun, Simla, ; Garpipal, Kumaun; Kuitij'ikat, Nep.; Sungribovg, Lepcha. 



A large deciduous tree. Bark smooth when young, with deep, verti- 

 cal fissures when old. Wood grey or brownish gioy, shining, soft. 

 Anmial rings marked by a belt of firm wood with scanty pores near the 

 outer edge of each ring. Pores small, numerous, often subdivided, and 

 arranged in short, radial lines. Medullary rays uniform, very fine, very 

 numerous. 



Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, between 4,000 and 10,000 feet. 

 Growth variable, the measurements of our specimens gave, li 34, 12 rings; "H 770, 

 7 rings ; E 970 8 rings ; average 9 rings per inch of radius, which is moderate. Weight, 

 on an average, 2'J'5 Ibs. per cubic foot. The wood is used I'm- \\aler troughs, and the 

 leaves as fodder for goats. The leaves are often attacked in autumn by a fungus which 

 turns them white, and gives to a group of trees a curious appearance. This fungua 

 is Erysiplie Martii, Lev. 



Ibs. 

 H 3138. Pungagalli, Hazara ........... 



H 34. Matiyana, Simla, 7,000 feet ....... 35 



H 2884. Nagkanda, 8,000 ....... 30 



H 770. Kalatop, Dalhousie, 7,000 feet . . . . . .26 



E 970. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 8,000 feet ..... 27 



3. P. balsamifera, Linn.; Brandis 476. Vern. Phalsh, makkal, 

 pakhshu, pakh> but, kramal, Ph.; Berfa, changma, yarpa, magkal, mdhal, 

 W. Tibet. 



A large tree. Bark grey, thick, rough, with longitudinal fissures. 

 Wood light grey, soft to moderately hard. Annual rings distinctly 

 marked. Pores very small and numerous in the spring wood, extremely 

 small, scanty, and in short radial and oblique lines in the firmer autumn 

 wood. Medullary rays very fine, uniform, numerous. 



Inner arid Himalaya and Tibet, 8,000 to 14,000 feet. Extends to Afghanistan, 

 Northern Asia and North America. 



Growth, our specimen shews only a slow rate, 30 rings per inch of radius. It gives 

 a weight of 32 Ibs. per cubic foot. The wood is grown for fuel in the inner arid 

 Himalaya, the branches are lopped for cattle fodder. The leaves and branches are 

 full of balsamic juice, which also exudes on a fresh cut between the bark and the 

 wood. 



II 136. Lahoul, about 9,000 feet . 32' 



H 138, received from Lahoul, is a tree with smooth, greenish grey bark, similar to 

 that of P. tremula, the Aspen. Wood light grey, soft, in structure resembling that of 

 P. balsamifera. Our specimen had a girth of 32 inches, and was 22 years old. shew- 

 ing thus 4 to 6 rings per inch of radius, which is very fast. The wood weighed 30 Ibs. 

 per cubic foot. 



ORDER XCVIII. CUPULIFEKJE. 



Four Indian genera: Querrns, Casla nopals. Carp hum and Corylus. Four other 

 genera are found in the world, three of which, (\txl<tti<-u. h\i<tns and Ostrya, contain 

 European species, and one, Difteffocarpvt, .Japam-se lives allied to (.\irpinu.t. Ctist(nnu 

 vulgaris,lj&m.; Brandis 491 (C. /V.svvr, Gaertn.), is the 'Sweet Chestnut ' or 'Spanish 

 Chestnut' of the south of Europe. lartrely cult iva1.-d either as coppice lor hop poles and 

 vine stakes or in high forest for its fruit. It has been introduced in the Himalaya and 

 grown iu various localities, and especiall}' in a large number of places iu the Punjab 



