392 JTTGLANDEJJ. \Juglans. 



and C. oliviformis, Nuttall, the Pear nut. The wood of all is very strong and 

 elastic, and is used for building, but is not durable (von Mueller). 



Wood moderately hard, shining. Pores moderate-sized, uniformly 

 distributed, prominent on a vertical section. Medullary rays fine or 

 very fine. 



1. JUGLANS, Linn. 



The Black Walnut wood of America is given by J. nigra, Linn. ; and the Butter- 

 nut tree of Canada is J. cinerea, Linn. 



1. J. regia, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 631; Brandis 497; Kurz ii. 

 490 ; Gamble 80. The Walnut. Yern. Ckarmaghz, Pers. ; Ughz, waghz, 

 Afg. ; Akhor, krot, dun, Kashmir; Kabotang, thanka, Pb. ; Starga, 

 Ladak ; Kd, Kunawar ; Akhor y kharot, Kumaun ; Akhrot, Hind. ; Akrut, 

 Beng. ; Kowal, Lepcha; Tagashing } Bhutia. 



A large tree with grey bark, characteristically marked by deep 

 vertical parallel fissures, J inch to 2 inches thick. Heartwood greyish 

 brown with darker streaks, often beautifully mottled, moderately hard, 

 even-grained, seasons and polishes well. Annual rings marked by 

 a sharp line. Pores moderate-sized, not very numerous, sometimes oval 

 and subdivided, uniformly distributed, but somewhat more numerous in 

 the spring wood. Medullary rays short, very fine. Numerous regular, 

 fine, wavy, concentric lines. Pores visible on a longitudinal section. 



Wild in the North- West and Sikkim Himalaya. Cultivated largely throughout 

 the hills, especially in Afghanistan and Kashmir. 



Growth variable ; our specimens gave the following per inch of radius : 



H 9. 14 rings ; . H 15. 14 rings ; H 125. 19 rings ; 



H 29. 3 rings; (young tree). 



E 357. 9 rings ; B 2441-a, 3 rings ; b, 7 rings ; E 2440, 4 rings. 



So that the wood from the North-West Himalaya, omitting the specimen cut from a 

 young tree, shews an average of 15 rings, and that from Sikkim an average of 6 rings 

 per inch of radius. 



Weight : European Walnut weighs 40 to 48 Ibs. per cubic foot ; our specimens give, 

 North- West Himalaya 41 Ibs., Sikkim 33 Ibs. on an average. The tree reaches a very 

 large size. Brandis describes trees up to 28 feet in girth and 100 feet high from the 

 North-West Himalaya ; in Sikkim it often reaches 100 to 120 feet in height with a 

 girth of 12 feet or more. It is being grown in plantation at Rangbul and other places 

 near Darjeeling. The wood is extensively used for furniture throughout the Hima- 

 laya, and its principal use is for gun-stocks. In Darjeeling it is occasionally used 

 for shingles by the Bhutias, but is not so good as chestnut. Before it became scarce 

 in the forests it was largely used for house-fittings, and many of the older houses in 

 Darjeeling have their doors and windows and other fittings almost entirely of 

 Walnut. The bark is used as a dye and in medicine ; and is exported to the plains 

 for cleaning the teeth. The twigs and leaves are used for fodder. It is commonly 

 cultivated for its fruit throughout the Himalaya; the wild tree has a thick shell :md 

 small kernel, and is rarely eaten; the cultivated trees are of numerous kinds, one 

 of the best being the thin-shelled or Kaghazi variety. A clear, good description 

 of oil is made from the fruit, and the rind is used for tanning and dyeing. 



Ibs. 



H 3163. Dungagalli, Hazara, 7,000 feet 



II '.>. Matiyana, Simla, 7,000 feet . . . . . . ,88 



II 2'.). -W 



II 15. Jubal, 4,000 feet 33 



II 41. Madhan, <;,< ion f.vl ..41 



II 7SU Cl.aml.a, I.I MM l\vi 46 



II 125. Hall,., Kulu. II.IHMH.-i H' 



