Piuus.] CONIFERS. 399 



and us high as 12,500 feet from the Indus to IMmtan, extending into the inner arid 

 tract. Mountains of Afghanistan and Soatli Macedonia. 



Tin- wood is more durable limn 11ml <,f />. h>n,iif,,Hn t hut less PO than Deodar. As 

 f';ir as our knowledge goes ;il present the tree grows most rapidly up to a certain age at 

 low elevations. In the outer Himalaya it has a moderate, and in the inner arid Himalaya 

 a slow, rate of growth. When yoang the tree is supposed to grow more rapidly thaii 

 Deodar. The following are the rates shewn by our specimens: 



Rings. 



H 901 ... 7 



II 1403a 7-8 



H 27 H 



II 023 n-o 



H 1407 1] 



H 609 J3 



H 1404 14-5 



H 140 22 



H 1403/3 27 



E 2463 6-5 



leaving out the three last, viz., those giving 22, 27 and 6'5 rings respectively, we have 

 an average of 10 rings per inch of radius; but more information is much required. 

 In paragraph 41 of the Kulu Report of 1877 the following measurements of Kail 

 trees in Jangarkalaon and Deobau Reserves are given : 



Mean radius. Age. Rings per inch' 



No. 1 10-5 . . 49 years . . 47 



,,2 9-5 . . 55 . . 5'8 



,,3 1075 . 65 . . 6-0 



or an average growth of 5'5 rings per inch of radius. 



Dr. Warth's weighings of our specimens shewed a variation of only from 26 to 

 33 Ibs., and an average of 30lbs., per cubic foot. 



In durability Kail wood ranks next to Deodar, and is preferred to that of Chil or 

 the Firs. It is used for house-building, shingles, water channels, wooden spades and 

 other implements. It gives an excellent charcoal for iron-smelting. The wood is 

 very resinous arid grives turpentine, but it is not usually extracted, as is that of 

 JP. lonaifolia. Very resinous wood is used for torches, the bark is used to roof huts 

 in the forest, and the leaves are largely lopped for litter. 



The seedlings like light, and natural reproduction is very good even on hill sides 

 bare of trees, if grazing and fires are prevented. It seeins to prefer to grow on sandy 

 or clayey soils, and not to be partial to limestone. 



Ibs. 



H 923. Hazara, (7,000 feet) 29 



H 901. 30 



H 140. Lahoul (about 10,000 feet) 26 



H 609. '27 



H 37. Mashobra, Simla, 7,000 feet 33 



H 2871. JN'agkanda, , 8,000 



H 1404. f Dr. Stewart (1867 



II 1407. ) I L>s 



E 2463. Chumbi Valley, Tibet, about 10,000 feet .... 30 



H 1403a ^ r 32 



H 1403/3 ( Punjab Hills, \ \\'l 



2. CEDRUS, Link. 



The Lebanon and Atlas Cedars are C. Libani, Barr. and C. atlantica, Manet ti ; they 

 are joined into one species by J'arlatore in DeCandolle's Prodromus, but kept separate 

 from C. Deodara. It is not, however, possible to separate the three by any constant 

 specific characters. On this subject see Brandis, page 324, A fourth variety has 

 lately been discovered in Cyprus. 



