CONIFERS. 4-11 



3. C. sempervirens, Linn. ; Brandis 5&#. Vern. Snra, sards, North- 

 West India. 



A tall tree. Bark thin, light brown, fibrous, peeling off in thin 

 strips. Wood light brown, moderately hard to hard. Annual rings 

 distinctly marked by the dark, narrow, firm belt of autumn wood. 

 Medullary rays fine, brown, very numerous. Resin-cells as in C. torulosa. 



Cultivated in gardens in Afghanistan and North -'\\Vst India, sometimes reaching 

 6 to 9 feet in girth, with 70 to 100 IM in 



. 



O 3267. Saharanpnr Gardens ........ 37 



E 697 from Rungbee, Darjeeling, 5,500 foot (21 Ibs. per cubic foot), is the wood of 



Cryptomeria jttponica, Don ; Gamble 83. This is a la rye tivt- of Chum and .Japan, the 



seeds of which were originally brought to India by Mr. Fortune. It is now very largely 



i cultivated throughout the district of Darjeeling and occasionally in other hill districts. 



1 Its growth is extremely rapid : our specimen shews an average of 1'2 ring per inch of 



radius, and many of the rings are over one inr-h wide. It grows best at an elevation 



of from 3,000 to 6,000 feet, but very fine specimens planted in 1847 or 1848, are to be 



seen in Darjeeling at 7,000 feet. It is, however, brittle, and the tops and branches are 



easily broken by high winds. It seeds abundantly, and the seedlings are very easily 



raised in boxes or sheltered beds. 



Bark brown, fibrous, peeling- off in narrow strips. Wood soft, very 

 uniform, with narrow bands of darker and firmer tissue at the edge of 

 each annual ring. Medullary rays short, fine and very fine, extremely 

 numerous. 



6. JUNIPERUS, Linn. 



Four Indian species. Among exotic jumpers the most important are J. virgiiiiana, 

 Linn., of the Atlantic coast of North America, and J. bermudiana, Linn., of the 

 Bermudas, West Indies and Florida, which species mainly yields the wood of which 

 pencils are made. J. drupacea, Lab ill. ; Brandis 539, is a dioecious shrub with edible 

 fruit, found in the mountains of Asia Minor and Syria, and cultivated in England. 



Wood homogeneous, fragrant, generally of slow growth, the ring of 

 firmer wood at the outside of each annual ring very narrow. 



1. J. COmmunis, Linn. ; Brandis 535. The Juniper. Vern. Nuc/i, 

 pdma, pethra, bentha, detar, Kashmir, Chamba and Kulu; Lang s/nir, 

 fheluy lewar y Kunawar ; Ckvni, skupa, Piti ; Sbama, Lahoul ; C/tic/iia, 

 Kumaun. 



A large shrub, with thin, reddish brown, fibrous bark. Wood white, 

 moderately hard, fragrant, with a small mass of darker wood near the 

 centre. Wood cells large, visible under the lens. Medullary rays very 

 fine, somewhat unequal in width. 



North -West Himalaya ascending to 14,000 feet, extending eastward to Kumaun. 

 Mountains of Western Asia and Europe. 



In the Himalaya it rarely attains more than 6 to 7 feet in height, often with a 

 disproportionately thick stem, 18 to 24 inches in girth. Growth extremely slow, our 

 specimens shew : one 35, the other 50 rings per inch of radius. Weight, according to 

 Mathieu, Fl. For., p. 448, 34 Ibs. ; our specimen gives 331bs. per cubic foot. The wood 

 is used for fuel, and, as well as the leaves and twigs, is burnt as incense (dhup). The 

 fruit is sweet, aromatic and resinous ; it is sold in the bazars of North India as a 

 medicine (abhul, huber) and is administered in decoctions as a stimulant and diuretic. 

 In Europe the berries are used to flavour gin. 



lb. 

 H 137. Lahoul, about 10,000 foot ....... 33 



H 907- Upper Chenab ,. 



