406 



AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL 



December 



Names of bees and of their prod- 

 ucts exist but little in other countries 

 as names of places or cities. We find 

 one "Beeton" in Canada (given by 

 the famous D. A. Jones), one "Abe- 

 jar" in Spain, one "Honeybourne" in 

 England. The long list of names 

 found in the United States evidently 

 indicates the thrift of bees in this 

 country. 



Bibliography — -Sacbrood 



THIS is the title of Bulletin No. 

 431 of the United States De- 

 partment of Agriculture, men- 

 tioned on page 155 of our May issue. 

 Dr. White is the scientist who has 

 the credit of at last placing the de- 

 scription of the two diseases named 

 foulbrood on a positive scientific ba- 

 sis. He isolated "bacillus larvae" and 

 cultivated it so as to prove that the 

 same disease could be reproduced by 

 its spores. He did similar work on 

 "bacillus pluton." These two dis- 

 eases are popularly named "American 

 foulbrood" 'and "European foul- 

 brood." 



Dr. White now gives us a similar 

 basis in regard to what has been 

 called "pickled brood," under the 



name selected by him of "sacbrood." 

 He gave this name because in that 

 disease the body wall of the larva 

 which has died of the disease tough- 

 ens, permitting the easy removal oi 

 the remains intact from the cell, as 

 in a sack. Dr. White avers that the 

 name "pickled brood" is incorrect in 

 speaking of this disease. 



The brood that dies of sacbrood, 

 with but few exceptions, dies in 

 capped cells, when the larva is 

 stretched in the cell, preceding the 

 change to pupa. It turns slightly yel- 

 low, which in a few days changes to 

 brown. If the dead larva is not re- 

 moved, its surface becomes wrinkled 

 by evaporation and it finally forms a 

 scale. This is never at any time ad- 

 herent to the cell wall. 



In the first stages of the disease, if 

 larva; are crushed, suspended in syrup 

 and fed to healthy bees, a large 

 amoimt of the sacbrood is readily 

 produced. But as the larva dries, its 

 capacity for infection lessens, until 

 in the last stages it shows no evi- 

 dence of being infectious, when fed to 

 bees. 



The" dried scales of sacbrood in the 

 last stage have often been compared 

 in appearance to the end of a China- 

 man's shoe. This description, we be- 



FIG. 1. — End view of Healthy Worker Larva 

 in normal position in cell. Cap torn and 

 turned aside with forceps. Enlarged about 

 8 diameters. (Original.) 



FIG. 2. — Looking into a cell containing larva 

 dead of sacbrood. (Original.) 



lieve, was first given by N. E. France, 

 the well-known Wisconsin bee in- 

 spector, who called it as others did, 

 "pickled brood." 



The point of heat at which sac- 

 brood is neutralized is of importance 

 and interest to beekeepers. I Dr. 

 White found the following degrees of 



the 



of the 



heating to destroy 

 disease : 



When suspended in water, 136 dc 

 grees or over. 



When suspended 

 degrees or over. 



When suspended in honey 

 grees or over. 



In a drying room, time 22 days, sac- 

 brood also lost its virus. 



When kept in honey, it produced 

 no disease after 31 days. So it is safe 

 to say that sacbrood loses its danger 

 after a month. 



glycerine, 163 

 58 de- 



PURPLE SAGE, EXCELLE.\ 1 IICJNEY PLANT OF UE.STUILTEiJ KA.\(iE. 

 (Photograph by Homer Mathewson.) 



FIG. 3. — Third stage. Dorsal view of anterior 

 third of larva dead of sacbrood. (Original.) 



