MANUAL FOR ARMY HORSESHOERS. 69 



to actual necessities, for the calks raise the frog from the ground 

 and prevent natural expansion and contraction. Permanent con- 

 traction of the heels, and even sidebones, result from the constant 

 use of this shoe. 



Sharpened calks, for use on ice, are even more to be avoided on 

 account of injuries caused by interfering and by kicking. 



The ^ylate (fig. 3) is merely a light-weight shoe turned from bar 

 steel. 



The snow shoe (fig. 4) has a smooth, concave ground web, which, 

 to a great extent, prevents the accumulation of snow and mud, and 

 also gives firmer footing. The figure shows a shoe turned from the 

 issue shoe. 



THE SERVICE SHOE. 



50. Selecting the shoe.— The foot having been prepared, lev- 

 eled, and made ready for the shoe, estimate the size of the shoe 

 required. To do this it is necessary for the beginner to place it on 

 the foot and note the position of the nail holes, being careful not to 

 take a shoe in which the last nail hole will be in the rear of the bend 

 of the quarter. Take the lightest shoe of the desired size that may 

 be available. 



Now examine the pritchel, and if it is not of the proper shape 

 point it. {See Tools.) 



51. The successive steps in fitting the ser\dce shoe should always 

 be taken up in the following order: 



1. Draw the toe clip. 



2. Make the necessary changes in the toe. 



3. Concave the shoe. 



4. Open the nail holes. 



5. Shape the quarters. 



6. Cool and make the first trial for fit; at this time make the seat 

 for the clip. 



7. Make any change in outline. 



8. Draw the heels. 



9. Cut off the heels. 



10. Finish the heels. 



11, Go over concavinfj and level the shoe." 



