812 3CANTTAL FOR NONCOMMISSIONED OFriGERS. 



the task is more complicated. In this latter case you must 

 locate and identify, both on the map and on the ground, other 

 points — hills, villages, peculiar bends in rivers, forests — any 

 ground features that have some easily recognizable peculiarity 

 and that you can see from your position. 



Suppose, for instance, you were near Leavenworth and 

 wanted to locate your exact position, of which you are uncer- 

 tain. You have the map shown in this manual, and, looking 

 about, you see southwest from where you stand the United 

 States Penitentiary ; also, halfway between the south and 

 the southeast — south-southeast a sailor would say — the reser- 

 voir (rectangle west of " O" in "Missouri"). Having ori- 

 ented your map, draw on it a line from the map position of 

 the reservoir toward its actual position on the ground. Simi- 

 larly draw a line from the map position of penitentiary to* 

 ward its actual position. Prolong the two lines until they in- 

 tersect. The intersection of the lines will mark the place 

 where you stand — south Merritt Hill. 



This method consists merely in drawing on the map lines 

 that represent the lines of sight to known and visible places. 

 Tlie lines pass through the map position of the places you see 

 a.nd are parallel to the actual lines of sight : therefore they 

 are the map representations of the lines of sight, and their 

 intersection is the map position of the eye of the observer. 



After this orientation and location* of position, one can de- 

 duce from the map everything there is to know in regard to 

 directions. In this respect, study of the ground itself will 

 show no more than will study of the map. 



After "What direction?" comes "How far?" To answer 

 this, one must understand that the map distance between any 

 two points shov/n bears a fixed and definite relation or propor- 

 tion to the real distance between the two points. 



For instance ; We measure on a map and find the distance 

 between two points to be 1 inch. Then we measure the real 

 distance on the ground and find it to be 10,000 inches ; hence 

 the relation between the map distance and the real distance 

 is 1 to 10,000, or jimnT- Now, if the map is properly drawn, 

 the Siame relation will hold good for all distances, and we can 

 obtain any ground distance by multiplying by 10,000 the cor- 

 responding map distance. 



