makino- travel dano-erous to thcso auimals. Tho Camels of Tur- 

 kish Arabia are very g-oocl aud as procured in Mesopotamia cost 

 between seven aud eight pouuds stovlini^- cacli. A nuiiiber of 

 Arab Camels were carried to tho Crimea in ISol aud they all 

 died without being able to do any "work iu the cold climate. 

 Tiie two humped variety is used in waggons and under pack by 

 the natives of the Crimea. This^ known as the Tuya, is the most 

 common camel of Turkestan. Col. Hamley mentions them as 

 " especially fine animals ; large, well fed, sagacious looking aud 

 covered with smooth brown hair, very different from the gaunt 

 mangy dromedaries of Barbary.'^ Burnab}^ in his " Ride to 

 Khiva," contrasts with the huge sleek ships of the African fSahara 

 or the Libyan sands the " undersized shaggy camels with liouliko 

 manes, provided by nature with every requisite for resisting a 

 bitterly cold climate, which can stride through snow four feet 

 deep where horses would not be of any avail," as found on the 

 Steppes of Kirghiz. 



The Tiussians iu their invasion of the Turkoman Country cap- 

 tured 1,200 camels in one day from the Akhal Tokkcs, and utiliz- 

 ed them in carriage of ammunition boxes and water casks ; they 

 lost fully as many iu the Tekke country as we did in Afghanistan. 

 Id Mongolia the best camels are bred among the Khalkas ; ^Hho 

 stubborn camel becomes the Mongol's docile carrier" (Prejeval- 

 sky). The Tartars use the camel very extensively for trade pur- 

 poses in the Mantchu country (Fleming), and the earliest known 

 work on the diseases of the caniel is in the Chinese Language. 

 Col. Malleson, in his work on '' Herat," tells us that '^ Andhko 

 (in Afghan Turkestan) is a relic of the past. Less than a century 

 ago it possessed camels of a very remarkable breed called Ner, 

 distinguished by abundant hair streaming down from neck and 

 breast, a slim slender figure, and extraordinary strength. This 

 rare breed of camels is fast disappearing." It is sometimes still 

 seen in Turkestan, but only in the south, as it endures frost 

 badly ; at Tashkand a camel costs about G guineas. 



Kostenko tells us that during tho Khivan Campaign of 1839-40 

 more than 10,000 camels Avere procured for the Russian detach- 

 ment at 10 Roubles (£U) apiece, and that for the Khivan Expedi- 

 tion of 1873, 8,800 camels were equiped for the Turkestan 

 detachment alone, and to these another thousand had soon to be 



