added. The Kizil Kum Kirghiz furnished most of these animals ; 

 but some hundreds were sent by the Amir of Bokhara. 



The contract metliod of Camel Transport lias proved to be the 

 best in Russian experience^ but General Ivanin advocated a per- 

 manent Camel Train as more secret and as affording also the re- 

 quisite number of camel men (Lautchis). However a Committee 

 decided that this ari-angemeut would be too expensive. The 

 French keep up permanent camel train of 500 animals with di'ivers 

 in Laghouat, the most southernly post of Algeria, whicli suffices 

 for a flying column available for quelling insurrections. 



Prior to the Khivan expedition the requisition system was 

 brought into play by the Russian military authorities in all Steppe 

 Campaigns ; the camels thus obtained were paid for at so much 

 per head, at rates determined by Local Administration, and the 

 natives were expected to provide one man for every seven camels. 

 But the worst and weakest camels were supplied and the poorest 

 men who hadnever owned a camel and were, therefore, ignorant and 

 devoid of interest in their charges were sent as Drivers causing 

 great difficulties in the way of transport and much loss of camel life. 



The Turkestan Detachment in the Khivan Expedition (1873) 

 obtained camels by requisition and had no little trouble ; the 

 Orenburg Detachment by contract transport and did well. The 

 latter system was expensive, but expense is a secondary consi- 

 deration in war (Journal United Service Institution of India, 

 XII. No. 56). 



M. Vallon found two varieties of Dromedaries in common use 

 in Algeria, (1) a small and active kind, used for riding across the 

 desert (such as we, in India, would term the sowari), and (2) a 

 large strong beast found especially in the plains, suitable for 

 heavy pack work. Some of our most valuable information about 

 the Camel in health and disease has been obtained from the 

 Veterinary Officers of the French Army of Algeria. This has 

 been recently, to an extent, supplemented by experience gained 

 in Egypt and the Soudan by British Veterinary Officers. I. V. S. 

 Walters has confirmed the value of the Sinde Camel, as obtain- 

 able through Karachi, for desert warfare ; the camels from Aden 

 and Berber were very serviceable but less powerful, those from 

 the Nile Delta were quite unsuited for work in the Desert. 



From perusal of the above details as to varieties of the Camel 



