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so as not to hurt him. It is a most painful thing to see a camel 

 which has attempted to rise under an excessive load lying in agony 

 with his thighs stretched horizontally one on each side. When the 

 ground is somewhat slippery camels are apt to fall suddenly into 

 this position and lacerate the muscles of the inner side of the 

 thigh. We read of camels serving in Afghanistan so weak as to 

 be unable to rise with their loads, and, accordingly, laden while 

 in a standing position. Of course the emergencies of active ser- 

 vice compel us to exact from animals all the work they can do — 

 but if the regulation, which lays down that 10% spare camels 

 shall accompany a force and that these shall not be unnecessarily 

 laden, be attended to, it will generally be possible to subject ani- 

 mals only to loads which they can bear. This will prove in the 

 end much more effectual, not to touch upon the question of 

 humanity, than that terrible want of system which sacrifices 

 camels in large numbers to overweighting. Except under very 

 extreme emergency every sixth day a halt for resting purposes 

 should be given to the camels. '' One Jhool per camel is requir- 

 ed ; usually made of tat lined with blanket or numnah. To make 

 a jhool two pieces of tat, nine yards long, nine inches broad, and 

 half a blanket are requisite" (Leach). This jhool is to be carried 

 over the saddle in cold weather (and as part of the load in 

 hot) and covered by the grain hide while on the march ; it is 

 absolutely essential in cold weather. The Arabs after shearing 

 their camels in the latter part of April compensate for loss of the 

 fleece by use of a jhool, which not only serves to protect from cold 

 but also from the attacks of insects. When camels have to work 

 in the sun the head may advantageously be protected by a wad- 

 ded cloth, as suggested by Gilchrist. On the march a high 

 ground* sheltered to windward if the weather is cold, with good 

 natural drainage, should be chosen on which to picket camels — in 

 hot weather topes, if not damp, are to be preferred (Gilchrist). 

 " During winter moves great care is required on the part of those 

 in charge of camels because this animal cannot rest where there 

 is snow. In such cases the ground must be thoroughly swept 

 and cleared beforehand, otherwise the heavy perspiration which 



* The Tartars avoid localities where stagnant water lies and generates 

 moisture in the atmosphere, for they find moisture most prejudicial to the 

 camel. 



