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exudes from this animal would quickly cause it to catch cold, 

 moreover tiie uioisturo generate*! by this (>xudation would, alter 

 cooling, freeze the animal's hair and fasten it to the earth, from 

 which it would be difhcult to disconnect it" (Kosteidco). All 

 stones should be carefully removed as being liable to bruise the 

 animals when they are lying down ; it is to be remembered also 

 that care must be taken lest, in loading or unloading', camels kneel 

 down on stones. Martin suggests that in standing-camps the 

 ground should be picked up to the deptli ol one foot Avhen it 

 becomes hard baked, and carefully s\vc))t. Yaldwin j^refers pic- 

 keting in circles facing inwards as economising space and sentries, 

 and he tells us that a circle with a radius of eleven paces will 

 contain 50 camels, Avith their food, gear, and attendants. This, 

 doubtless, is the best system on a campaign. Leach advocates it 

 in preference to placing them in parallel lines "as it is Avhat they 

 have been accustomed to, and custom should never be needlessly 

 interfered with either in the case of camels or their drivers.'^ 

 From a sanitary j)oiut of view ])icketiug in parallel lines is pre- 

 ferable, but, as the attendants must be accommodated somewhere, 

 it is questionable wliether there is any economy of space. How- 

 ever objectionable it may seem at iirst sight to have human beings 

 and camels huddled together in the circular picket, we have no 

 evidence that it does harm in movable camps and the men 

 like it and pay more attention to their camels tlian if: bivouacing 

 farther away from them. In the Madras Presidency on the march 

 the Serwans voluntarily live among their camels and picket them 

 iu no regular order each animal to a single peg nut far from the 

 others. Males and fenuiles must be encamped separately and well 

 apart from one another, the females being some distance to lee- 

 ward and out of sight of the males. They must be kept apart 

 also on the line of march, and according to the Bengal i-egulations 

 the proportion of establishment to be kept up for troops is § males, 

 i females, but males and females in equal proportions may be 

 told off for duty. 



The necessity for these precautions might easily be obviated in 

 the case of camels by castration. The Testes (occupying the 

 position of those of carnivora) arc easy tt) remove. 'J'he Mongols 

 castrate regularly at three or four years of age, with a view to 

 rendering the males more tractable, better workers, and to pre- 

 vent indescriminate breeding. The periodically recurrent sexual 



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