37 



made to "sit :" occasionally, in resentment of manipnlsition of the 

 anus, they try to bring- the buttocks to the <>'ronu«l or violiMitly 

 altt'iupt to l)ile or to rise, 'rwo assistants are necessary, one 

 to hold the tail and the other the head. Often a nunil)i'r of 

 ectozoa are collected beneath the tail; sonietinies dunj^ b;dls in 

 t'le rectum prevent free introduction of the instrument ; occasion- 

 nlly there is spasmodic closure of the anus. The thermometer 

 should be kept iu for four minutes each observation. 



The RESPIRATIONS vary much iu frecjuency in accordance 

 with the conditions of the animal, being nearly double as fast in 

 the heat of the day as in the morning or evening ; as with other 

 quadrupeds they, therefore, do not afford us much guidance in 

 diagnosis, although the character of the efforts may ])oint to 

 important abnormalities. Laboured breathing, quick beatino-of 

 the flanks, and panting are found in the extremes of respiratory 

 effort, but it is often wonderful what an amount of exertion a 

 camel may perform when on the eve of fatality from chest 

 disorder. This renders aiiscultalwn especially necessary as a 

 guide in cameline diagnosis and it should be resorted to iu all 

 cases of obscure disorder of the camel. Various sibili and 

 rales will be found iu lung disorder, conditions quite incompatible 

 with a free, open state of the air passages. It will generally be 

 necessary to use a stethoscope for these observations, because of 

 the numerous parasites and the dirt in the coat of most sick 

 camels. Cough and nasal discharge (especially when the latter 

 is of a rusty colour) will direct our attention to the organs of 

 respii-atiou. The indications o'i itercussioa have not yet been sufJi- 

 ciently worked out. 



The STATE OP EXCRETA niust be carefully noted. Tiic small 

 round dung pellets expelled without effort in health, the urine 

 passed freely in a backward direction, the animal '' campino-" him- 

 self for its expulsion and occupying a vei-y long time in the process 

 (the stream being very small), must be carefully looked to in 

 diagnosis, and mucli must be learned from general observations 

 on the state of the skin, coat, and visible mucous membranes. 



Prognosis in serious disorders of camels is generally un- 

 favourable in the extreme. It is hard to get proper nursing for 

 the animals ; if the sick be moved to some place where there is 

 shelter from the sun and any other violent climatic influence, 



