78 



parasite stalkless ones ? Why has the latter only the chitinous 

 organ between the hooks ? And why should the lips of the orifice 

 of the camel parasite develop into artistically arranged lobes 

 while those of the horse bot are severely devoid of ornament ? 

 All these and many other problems suggest themselves in the 

 study of these peculiar creatures. 



The continuous irritation produced in the nostrils and 

 pharynges of our poor camels exiled to the shores of the Red Sea, 

 the probabilit}'- that a certain amount of their now historic 

 exhaustion depended on these bots, and the certainty that in 

 future campaigns where camel transport is used these parasites 

 must be remembered and got rid of, give the (Estrus cameli a 

 considerable practical veterinary interest. 



The escape of these larvae through the nostrils is their 

 natural migration prior to their assuming the chrysalis form 

 and doubtless occurs at special times of year, whether special 

 agents such as carbolic or terebinthinafce gargles would or would 

 not hasten removal we have no evidence, but they are worth 

 trial. It would be interesting to know whether any one of the 

 several forms of sore throat described owes its origin to the 

 presence of these parasites. 



DISEASES OF THE CHEST, both acute and chronic, are 

 frequent on service, especially owing to the animals being 

 exposed to extreme cold and atmospheric vicissitudes. Want of 

 protection by means of jhools or by keeping the saddles on at 

 nights is a frequent cause. Some of these diseases are epizootic 

 and very fatal ; Hodgson speaks of one Pakdar as infectious and 

 not invariably fatal, we have already noticed it in detail. Acute 

 pulmonary disease was not frequent up the Nile ; C. Steel 

 reported it as of common occurrence on the road to Candahar 

 in 1878 and he remarked on the fact that in no one instance did 

 he find the pleura involved, though Gilchrist almost always 

 found hydrothorax present in lung cases; he describes the 

 symptoms of the disorder and considered it largely due to want of 

 proper food, to neglect, and hard work. Tassy has recorded the 

 frequent occurrence of pneumonia of acute type in Algeria. 

 Oliphant records Pneumonia in the Kuram valley, the symptoms 



