105 



and if this bo left ou it may straiigiilato tlic tip and c.-uiso 

 slongliing (Hurt). It is quite practicable in many cases to k;!; iJio 

 camels go free from each other and not tied togetlicr. Often a 

 bi-oad front for convoy is better, as regards defeiice, than a long- 

 string extending over several miles. The common practice of 

 tying camels together by head rope passing to the tail acts in 

 another way. If the camel in front be stronger than the one 

 behind the latter cannot keep u]) on a long march and drags at 

 the tail, hanging on the head rope in a way Avhich may residt in 

 serious injury to the tail. This is especially liable to occur when 

 the pace of a camel train is forced, when the camels are overload- 

 ed, or when thej' are weakened by the emergencies of service. 



As regards crupper galls proper; they may result from the load 

 shifting forwards or from the crupi)er rope being too much 

 shortened, but experience has shown that the crupper can almost 

 always be dispensed with, and the cause being thus removed little 

 subsequent attention will be needed for the abrasions. Wrapping 

 the crupper rope round v/ith rag, washed daily to keep it clean 

 and occasionally oiled and greased, is recommended by Byrne. 

 Injuries of the inferior maxilla, mouth, and chin occur where mouth 

 gag and head collar are used or where the rope of the headstall 

 is twisted into the mouth ; cases of fracture of the lower jaw have 

 been found to result from brutal jerking by an attendant at the 

 head rope. Elbow gall: is a scraping of the sides of the chest which 

 results from the elbow pads being very large or from ill shape 

 of the camel, i.e., narrow chest, toes turned out and elbows in. 

 Oliphant is particular in cautioning us to look carefully for this 

 conformation with a view to avoidance of it in purchasing, for it 

 renders an animal almost useless. Boss or Fad galls arc peculi- 

 arly obstinate and apt to result in quitter, effects of the horny 

 nature of their epidermis and of the large amount of fibrous 

 tissue in their structure. Any of the callosities may be thus 

 affected, but the Kahafay or chest pad is the most frequent scat 

 of aggravated disorder. It is supposed that these pads are the 

 result of development in adaptation to the severe pressure put 

 on the parts where they occur and that they have in course of 

 time become hereditary. The largest of them is the Kahafay 



