136 



sandy slopes of Nevada. Humbold found camels at Teueriffe 

 and the Spaniards took some to Peru. In A.D. 1701 camels were 

 taken to Jamaica and various parts of America, including Vene- 

 zuela, Cuba, and Bolivia. In 1841 some were taken to Santiago 

 and in 1856 some, for use by tlie Militia, were conveyed to Texas. 

 Later some were sent to California and, still later, to Brazil and 

 various parts of the States. The camels of Cyprus are small, and 

 the southern limit of camel range seems to be the great equatorial 

 forest of Central Africa, they extend freely into Lybia. 



In 1860 some 24 camels were taken from India to Australia. 

 In 1880 there were 600 camels in South Australia, there are 

 now over 2,000. They cost £55 — 65. They have been used and 

 harnessed eight in a dray (Byrne). 



It is a common sight in Egypt to see camels working in the 

 plough or drawing water from wells. In Rajputana they are 

 sometimes yoked to the plough. 



Note 4. — Camel losses on Service : In Skobeleff's Campaign 

 of 1880, out of 12,596 camels but 350 remained. As con- 

 trasted with this enormous fatality we may quote the case of 

 General Harlan who with 2,000 camels of mixed (Bactrian and 

 Arabian) breed traversed 360 miles of the Indian Caucasus over 

 snow and ice for seven months and lost only one, and that one 

 by accident. 



Grodekov considers escorts incompatible with camel convoys, 

 except the escort be one of camel riders, also that Transport 

 should be organised in small divisions. 



Byrne insists that all camels required to go beyond the base 

 should be bought outright, as it pays owners to maim their 

 animals and obtain compensation, there are difficulties when 

 batches have to be broken up and the drivers strike and desert. 

 Compensation claims for 50,000 camels are reported to have been 

 met after the 1878-9 Campaign in Afghanistan. 



j^fjfg 5, — Procurability op Camels. — Numbers and cost : Oli- 

 phant, out of 1,895 camels examined in Peiwar kotal, found 566 

 unfit for service and one-third unsuited as too old or too young. 



In Pishin Valley in 1878 good hill camels cost Rs. 60 — 70. 



In Afghanistan in 1879, Rs. 89. 



