MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPOKTATION. 153 



mals until all are lined up. The pack master and cargador with the 

 assistance of the packers that were guarding the mules on the outside 

 of corral assist in tying the animals to guard rail; this should be 

 done as promptly as possil)le, and under no circumstances should 

 the animals be permitted to leave their positions first taken. While 

 the animals are tied up at rigging, care should be exercised to prevent 

 their wasting the grain and kicking each other. A small switch or 

 aparejo stick in the hands of each packer will cause the animals to 

 give attention — this should be used for correction, not for abuse," 

 which must not be permitted under any circumstances, remembering 

 the more abuse the animal is given the more unruly or ugly it be- 

 comes, until it is classed as an outlaw; the animal is dumb — the 

 packer is presumed to be intelligent and human. 



In due time "turn loose," that is, unsnap the halter shank from 

 halter. For this purpose always commence with the bell horse and 

 then successively each animal in turn until all are freed; lead the 

 "bell" toward opposite end of corral and cause each animal to fol- 

 low the "bell" as turned loose. Packers should now go among them 

 and approach as many as will permit, stroke the animals on the neck 

 and back and call them by given name; animals like to be petted. 

 The results will be astonishing in the short time in which a train of 

 gentle mules can be loaded for the day's march. 



A young train should be accustomed to line up at rigging twice per 

 day at regular intervals, on each occasion placing a little grain on 

 the feed cover, as they soon become accustomed to look forward in 

 patient expectation for the morning and evening meal. 



In due time as they learn to line up properly, the feeding at the 

 rigging should be discontinued. 



During the process of teaching the animals to line up at rigging, 

 they should be loaded and taken out of camp a distance of 2 or 3 

 miles and the pack master should then round up the train and note 

 the condition and fit of each aparejo in memorandum book, correct- 

 ing those needing immediate attention; continue this practice each 

 day until each aparejo is properly fitted and adjusted, when longer 

 marches should be taken, to get the animals in good muscular condi- 

 tion and harden their backs. 



After a period of four weeks practice marches should be reduced to 

 four times each week, one day to the practice of lairing-up side packs, 

 the last day of the week, Saturday, to cleaning up the rigging and 

 other duties. 



From four to six weeks, as noted above, should get the train in serv- 

 ice for active duty. 



Chapter IV, "B. Instruction in the service of a pack train," should 

 be thoroughly understood and complied with; also Chapter VI, 

 "Duties of individuals." 



To maintain an organization and efficiency both men and animals 

 must be taught their duties, and regular practice marches be had, 

 together with stated inspections of both men and animals and equip- 

 ments. 



As pack trains are organized on the basis of one pack master, one 

 cargador, one blacksmith, one cook, and one packer to every five 



oCare should be taken to have the animals come quietly to the rigging; they should 

 never be hurried unless the occasion is urgent. 



