MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 161 



(5) Be insubordinate to the proper orders of the pack master, and 

 in his absence the cargador. 



(6) Read papers, books, etc., while on herd duty, or neglect to 

 keep proper supervision over the animals that none may stray off or 

 be stolen. 



(7) Neglect to keep watch on pack mules on the march, night as 

 well as day, that none may stray off during travel. 



(8) Be inattentive to pack animals when their load needs balan- 

 cing. 



(9) Use coronas for bedding. 



(10) Use the aparejo as a seat when in bivouac or permit others to 

 do so. 



FEEDING. 



Sec. 119. In case grain is to be fed to pack animals, let it be given 

 to them after the day's work is done — not before. In the latter case 

 the grain is liable to sour on the mule's stomach; thirst, and possibly 

 colic, results. 



When grain is available it is fed at the picket line or on the herd 

 ground. In the latter case, put it in separate piles, one for each mule, 

 about 20 feet apart, the various piles being placed on the circumfer- 

 ence of a circle. 



When the mules are on herd do not picket the ''bell" horse unless 

 the urgency of the occasion requires it; "hobble" it instead. More 

 freedom is thus given him in the selection of grasses. 



If the "bell" horse is picketed during night herding, one of the 

 herders should remain in its immediate vicinity in order to be prompt 

 to render aid in case of accident. 



If grain is not available for the train, but enough may be obtained 

 for the "bell" horse, feed it separately, since it has not the same 

 opportunities for grazing as the other animals. 



If animals are fed at the picket line, the grain is placed on feed 

 covers (sec. 80). These covers should be promptly removed after 

 feeding. Two or more packers are detailed to be present to prevent 

 animals from kicking one another and wasting the grain. 



WATERING. 



Sec. 120. It is very essential that animals should be watered at 

 least once a day. Deprive them of water and they immediately grow 

 thin. 



Pack masters should personally supervise the watering of animals 

 on arrival at bivouac. 



Some animals are fastidious as to the quality of water they drink. 

 Do not overlook them; see that they are properly watered. 



Before fording streams, when there is reason to believe that animals 

 are thirsty, always give them an opportunity to drink. Accident 

 and delay may thus be avoided; especially in case the ford is boggy 

 and dangerous. 



GROOMING. 



Sec. 121. Pack animals should b<^ groomed daily. It is done while 

 they are at the rigging. 



In grooming, stroke with the hair, not against it ; under the belly, 

 stroke to the rear. 

 75927°— 17 11 



