MANUAL OF PACK TRANSPORTATION. 165 



Drag tails: Term applied to mules that are farthest away from the "bell " when travel- 

 ing; also applied to a lazy packer. 

 Facings: Additional pieces or strips of leather, applied to certain ])arts of the aparejo 



to strengthen them, (d, e,f, etc., fig. 1.) 

 ' ' Go: " Term used by the ' ' near " to the " off " packer, when hitch is formed and ready 



to be tightened. 

 Hand-hole: Hole made in the belly piece of the aparejo in the center of each side, to 



enable the packer to insert the hay or grass that forms the padding. 

 "Hold:" Signal by the "near" to the "off" packer to hold his pack in position, while 



the "near" packer brakes the load. 

 Lair: Term applied to the rope used in securing pack covers around pack. Hence, 



to "lair;" "to lair up;" meaning to secure the pack cover to the pack by means 



of the lair rope. (Sec. 15.) 

 Line up: Meaning to cause the pack mules to take position at rear of the rigging on the 



proper flank of the "bell " horse. 

 Load: A pack or packs forming the burden for one pack mule. Hence, "to load up, " 



meaning to place the loads, as formed in cargo, on the pack mules. 

 Pack: In the ordinary case, that portion of the load carried on one side of the mule's 



back. A load, however, may consist of a single pack or of several packs, depending 



on the nature of the articles to be packed, or the exigencies of the service. 

 Pack up: Meaning to load up; to place the loads, as formed in cargo, on the pack mules. 

 Packer, first-clas?: One skilled in the art of preparing cargo; loading a pack mule; adjust- 

 ing a load so that it will balance evenly on the mule's back, etc.; one familiar 

 ■ with the "diamond" and other hitches used in securing loads, and versed in the 



usages and customs of the pack service. 

 Packer, second-class: A novice in the art of packing. 



Pack master: A master in the art of packing; one who has charge of a pack train. 

 Ribbing up: Placing in an aparejo the sticks, or whatever may be used to give stiffness 



to the sides of the aparejo. 

 Rigging: Term applied to the aparejos in a pack train; particularly when it is desired 



to refer to them in a collective sense. 

 Saddle bar: A section of wood representing the finished product when the saddle of 



the aparejo is properly filled with hay or similar material, by the skilled packer, 



and provided with slots to receive ribs of wood. In connection with the boot bar, 



the saddle bar holds the ribs in place, by means of which the aparejo is stiffened. 

 Set up: To set up an aparejo, meaning to prepare it for use by inserting the ribs, and 



then padding it with hay, so as to adjust it properly to the shape of the mule's 



back. (Sees. 6 and 7.) 

 Settle: To adjust packs to their places on the aparejo, as in the case of simple box loads. 



Here it is not necessary to brake the load, i. e., to work the near pack up and down, 



until it is in place, as the two packs may readily be settled on the aparejo so as to 



ride evenly. 

 Shoe: Term applied to the protecting sticks of the aparejo cover. (1. II, fig. 1.) 

 Sling: Term applied to the rope used in tying the packs together on the mule's back 



prior to being lashed. Hence, "to sling" the load; "to cross sling;" "to double 



sling;" and "to double cross sling." (Sees. 27 to 31.) 

 Snap up: To tie animals together by their halter shanks, while standing at the rig- 

 ging. (Sec. 56.) 

 Stem or snap: Names sometimes applied to halter shanks. 

 Sticks, protecting: Used on the aparejo cover to stiffen the ends. Sometimes called 



shoes. (1. II, fig. 1.) 

 Sticks, tamping: Used in tamping hay, etc., in the corners of the aparejo. 

 Tie: Signal from the "off" to the "near" packer that all slack has been rendered on 



the running rope. Also signal from the "near" to the "off" packer for the latter 



to secure the end of the rope, on completion of the hitch. 

 " Tied:" Signal from the "near" to the "off" packer, in slinging the load, that the 



"square" knot has been tied. 

 Trail: A path, usually narrow; hence incumbent upon animals of a train to move in 



single file. "To trail " means to follow in single file after the "bell " horse. 

 Train, pack: A pack train is an organization comprising fifty pack animals, a proper 



complement of men, and a complete equipment. (Sec. 87.) 



7. SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACK AND RIDING MULES. 



Sec. 128. The mule must be sound in body and limbs, of blocky 

 build, of kind and gentle disposition, with free and springy action 

 at the walk or trot, and to conform to the following description: 



