"(Implements, 



47 



sodding for beating down the turf to the proper level. 

 The sod-knife is handy for joining the edges of the separate 

 turfs, and also for cutting off any unduly thick portion of 

 the sod. 



The turf -beater is used after all the sods have been 

 placed in position to beat down and level the whole sur- 

 face. It is simply a piece of wood, fourteen inches long, 

 ten inches wide and three inches thick, supplied with a 

 shovel handle. 



A rammer is made of cast-iron, about eight inches square, 

 with a socket' for an upright handle four feet long. It is 

 used for ramming down soil firmly, and in 

 road-making for beating down the filling 

 materials. 



The roller is a cylinder of cast-iron at- 

 tached to an axle, on which it revolves, 

 fastened to a handle with a balance weight. 

 A roller for hand power may weigh from 

 250 to 350 pounds. 



Among other implements are : wheel- 

 barrows, for shifting soil at short distances ; 

 scoops for horse power ; carts, 

 ploughs, subsoilers, harrows and 

 pulverizers, and horse-power or 

 steam rollers for extensive work ; 

 a simple crane for hoisting stone and other heavy material, 

 and specially constructed carts for the removal and plant- 

 ing of large trees. 



FIQ. 19. CAST-IRON RAMMER. 



