Grafting. 65 



of six feet, all the fertile soil at A would be taken away, 

 and at B it would be covered up beneath a considerable 

 mass of subsoil, clay or gravel. Hence if so considerable 

 a work was undertaken, the good soil would have to be 

 dug away first, and put aside to be used as a surface soil 

 again, after finishing the work. 



FIG. 30. HOW TO IMPROVE AND MODIFY LOW GROUND. 



Supposing, too, we have a low, marshy piece of land in 

 our grounds which must be either filled in or converted 

 into a small lake. The straight line in Fig. 30 represents 

 the water level, and the undulating line the surface of the 

 ground. We desire to make our lake three feet deep, 

 necessitating the removal of about four feet of soil from A, 

 which we deposit at B, forming a nicely rounded slope fall- 



FIG. 31 .-OLD GRAVEL PIT TRANSFORMED INTO A SMALL ORNAMENTAL WATER 

 WITH SLOPING SHORES. 



ing gently to the water's edge. The result is better, and 

 the effect is more varied, than if the same marshy ground 

 had been filled in by means of soil brought from outside at 

 great expense. 



By intelligently grading the soil and taking advantage 

 even of natural defects, we are able to produce good results 

 economically. In another place there is a gravel pit, ragged 



