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For small hedges, solid and impenetrable for most ani- 

 mals, the hawthorn, and the wild apple (seedlings of Pyrus 

 malus, any variety), which is commonly used by nursery- 

 men for stock, are better than almost any other kind of 

 plant. They should be planted when two or three years 

 old, about six inches apart, in a single row, and cut even 

 with a pair of garden shears immediately after planting. 

 These should in a few years form a hedge ten or twelve 

 inches wide and several feet high. Two clippings are 

 necessary every year one in winter or spring before the 

 commencement of growth, and one in summer. Among 

 other deciduous trees and shrubs used for this purpose are 

 the white mulberry, common oak, beech, and hornbeam, as 

 well as the small-leaved elm and field maple. These latter 

 kinds are more robust, forming, when well planted, very 

 strong hedges. The distance should be somewhat greater 

 than in the case of the hawthorn. Smaller hedges, chiefly 

 for divisions in the garden, may be made of privet and box. 

 Osage-orange and Christthorn are sometimes used for rough 

 hedges. Among evergreen trees the holly, yew, Norway 

 spruce, arbor- vitse, and hemlock form close and beautiful 

 hedges for protection both winter and summer. The 

 hedge-row must be kept absolutely clean and free from 

 grass and weeds, but many beautiful climbers may be 

 grown in the hedge, and are there quite at home. The 

 virgin's bower and purple clematis, cucumber vine, morn- 

 ing-glory, and many other annual climbers with light 

 foliage, will not interfere with the growth of the hedge 

 proper. When sown, small circular beds must be dug for 

 each alongside the hedge; There are numerous fine and 



