CA R 



CAR 



solute purity, it constitutes the dia- 



1. Carbon Vapour. Thenaxne of a. hypo- 

 thetical substance, for carbon has never 

 been obtained in tlie insulated form of 

 vapour. When the term is used in che- 

 mical works, it denotes the condition of 

 carbon as it exists in carbon^ acid. 



2. Carbon, Animal. Animal charcoal, 

 bone charcoal, and ivory black, are names 

 applied to bones calcined, or converted 

 into charcoal, in a close vessel. 



3. Carbon, Mineral. A term applied 

 to charcoal, with various proportions of 

 earth and iron, without bitumen. It has 

 a silky lustre, and the fibrous texture of 

 wood. It occurs stratified with various 

 kinds of coal. 



4. Carbonic Acid. A pungent and 

 acidulous gas, often issuing naturally 

 from the ground in volcanic countries, 

 and produced by the combustion of char- 

 coal in oxygen gas. It was termed by 

 Black fixed air, from its having been 

 found to exist, in a fixed state, in lime- 

 stone. It is the gas produced by the 

 vinous fermentation. 



5. Carbonates. Compounds of carbonic 

 acid with the salifiable bases. They are 

 composed either of one atom of acid and 

 one of the base, or of two of acid and one 

 of the base ; the former are called car- 

 bonates, the latter bi-carbonates. 



6. Carboniferous. A term usually ap- 

 plied, in a technical sense, to an ancient 

 group of secondary strata. But any bed 

 containing coal may be termed carbonife- 

 rous. See Coal Formation. 



7. Carbonization The union of carbon 

 and iron. To decarbonize cast-iron or 

 steel, is to drive off" its carbon in the form 

 of carbonic acid gas. 



8. Carburets. Combinations of carbon 

 ■with some metals by fusion ; thus, steel 

 is a carburet of iron. The term has also 

 been applied to a peculiar compound of 

 sulphur and hydrogen, the carburet of 

 sulphur, also termed sulphuret of carbon, 

 and alcohol of sulphur. 



9. Carburetted Hydrogen. A colour- 

 less inflammable gas, abundantly formed 

 in nature in stagnant pools, wherever 

 vegetables are undergoing the process of 

 putrefaction; it also forms the greater 

 part of the gas obtained from coal. This 

 gas was fbrmerly called heavy inflammable 

 air. See defiant Gas. 



CA'RBUNCLE. A precious stone of 



the ruby kind, of a very rich, glowing, 



. blood-red colour. Ure says it is probably 



the alamandine, a variety of noble garnet. 



Q9 



CA'RCERULE {career, a prison). Die- 

 resilis. A term applied by Mirbel to a 

 species of compound fruit, which is 

 many-celled, superior ; the cells are dry, 

 indehiscent, few-seeded, and cohere by a 

 common style round a common axis. It 

 occurs in the tropaeolum, the mallow, the 

 lime, &c. See Coenobio. 



CARDIA'CEiE. The Cockle tribe ; an 

 order of the conchiferous Mollusca, 

 named from the genus cardia; in these 

 the mantle is not only closed, but ex- 

 tended at the respiratory apertures into 

 tubes of greater or less length. The foot 

 is very strong. 



CA'RDINAL {cardo, a hinge). An 

 epithet implying importance, being sug- 

 gestive of the hinge or pivot, on which 

 every thing else depends. Thus, it de- 

 notes the north, south, east, and west 

 points of the compass ; the zodiacal signs 

 Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn, &c. 



CARI'NA. Literally, a keel, and 

 hence applied to the two lower petals of 

 a papilionaceous corolla, which cohere by 

 their lower margin in the form of a keel, 

 to the glumes of grasses, &c. By Link, 

 the combination is expressed by the term 

 scaphium. 



CA'RINTHINE. A sub-species of the 

 mineral augite, found in Carinthia, in a 

 bed in primitive rock, associated with 

 quartz, Kyanite, garnet, and zoisite. 



CARMIN E. A beautiful red pigment, 

 obtained from cochineal. 



CARNE'LIAN {caro, carnis, flesh). 

 A variety of agate, presenting in some 

 cases a flesh colour; its colour is uni- 

 form ; it is never figured or striped, like 

 other varieties of agate. 



CARNEOUS or CARNOSE {carnosus, 

 fleshy). Of a fleshy consistence, as ap- 

 plied to succulent leaves, &c. 



CARNI'VORA {caro, carnis, flesh, 

 voro, to devour). A group of mammi- 

 ferous animals, constituting the typical 

 order of that great division of the class 

 which subsist on animal food. These 

 are the carnassiers of Cuvier. 



CARNO'SA {carnosus, fleshy). Fleshy 

 animals, an order of polyps, including 

 the sea-anemone, &c. 



CARPEL ((capTTo?, fruit). A technical 

 term, applied in Botany to a leaf in a 

 particular state of modification, consti- 

 tuting the pistil. The blade of the leaf 

 forms the ovary ; the elongated midrib, 

 the style; and the apex of the midrib, 

 the stigma. The edge of the carpel, which 

 corresponds to the midrib of the leaf, 

 constitutes the dorsal suture; that of 



