C A U 



C A V 



A body in which the catalytic force re- 

 sides, resolves others into new com- 

 pounds, merely by contact with them, or 

 by an action of presence, as it has been 

 termed, without gaining or losing any 

 thing itself. The body which determines 

 changes in another is called the catalytic 

 agent: yeast resolves sugar, by contact, 

 into carbonic acid and alcohol. 



CATEGOREMA'TIC (KarnYopnMa. a 

 predicate). A logical designation of a 

 word which is capable of being employed 

 by itself as a term or predicate of a pro- 

 position. Adverbs, prepositions, &c.,and 

 also nouns in any other case besides the 

 nominative, are syncategorematic, i. e. 

 can only form part of a term. 



CATEGO'RICAL (KarnTopiKo?, cate- 

 gorical, as opposed to hypothetical). A 

 logical term, applied to a proposition, 

 which affirms or denies a predicate of 

 a subject absolutely, and without any 

 hypothesis. See Proposition. 



CATEGORIES (KaTnyopm, a head of 

 predicables). Categories or predicaments 

 are certain general heads, employed by 

 logicians, to one or more of which every 

 term may be referred. The categories 

 enumerated by Aristotle are, oy<n'a, 

 TTocroi/, TToIov, Trpo? rit ttow, Trore, Keiff^ai, 

 ^Xeiv, TToteli/, irdaxeiV, which are usually 

 rendered in English by substance, quan- 

 tity, quality, relation, place, time, situa- 

 tion, possession, action, suffering. They 

 may all be ultimately referred to the two 

 heads of substance and attribute, or, in 

 the language of some logicians, accident. 



CATE'NARY [catena, a chain). The 

 curve described by a rope or chain which 

 hangs when supported at both ends. All 

 catenaries are similar curves. 



CA'TKIN. The vernacular name of 

 a mode of inflorescence, termed by the 

 old writers catulus, iulus, and nucamen- 

 tum. See Amentum. 



CATO'PTRICS (xaTOTTTpoi/, a mirror). 

 That branch of the science of Optics 

 which treats of the reflection of light. 

 See Optics. 



CAUCA'SIAN RACE. One of the five 

 principal races of mankind, to which the 

 nations of Europe and some of the west- 

 ern Asiatics belong. In this class the 

 head is almost round, and of the most 

 symmetrical shape ; the cheek-bones 

 without ariy projection ; the face oval ; 

 and the features moderately prominent. 



CAU'DATE {Cauda, a tail). Tail- 

 pointed ; excessively acuminated, so that 

 the point is long and weak, like the tail 

 of an animal. 

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CAU'DEX. The trunk of a tree. In 

 Botany, the stem, or ascending axis of 

 growth, is termed caudex ascendens ; the 

 root, or descending axis, caudex de- 

 scendens. The rhizome of Iridaceae and 

 epiphytous Orchidaceae is often called 

 caudex repens. 



CAU'LICULE {cauliculus, a little 

 stalk). By this term some botanists dis- 

 tinguish the neck of the embryo in plants 

 from the plumule or gemmule. Mirbel 

 comprises, under the general term blas- 

 tema, the radicle, the plumule, and the 

 caulicule. The term cauliculi is also 

 applied to those small stems, which pro- 

 ceed from buds formed at the neck of a 

 plant, without the previous production 

 of a leaf. 



CAU'LINE [caulis, a stem). Belong- 

 ing to the stem, as applied to leaves 

 which grow from the stem, as distin- 

 guished from radical or root leaves. 



CAU'LIS. The Latin term for a stem, 

 but applied in botany to the ascending 

 caudex of herbaceous plants or shrubs. 

 In trees, the main stem is sometimes 

 called caulis arboreus, but more com- 

 monly the trunk. The caulis excurrens 

 is a stem which rises vertically from the 

 earth, and bears branches on its sides ; 

 the caulis deliquescens, a stem which at a 

 certain distance from the earth throws 

 out irregular ramifications. The stem of 

 grasses is called the culmus or straw ; that 

 of rushes, the calamus or reed. Plants 

 which have no distinct stem, are called 

 acaulescent. 



CAULOCA'RPOUS {/cayXoc, a stem, 

 Kap-no^, fruit). A term applied in bota- 

 nical glossology to those polycarpous 

 plants, whose stem endures many years, 

 constantly bearing flowers and fruits ; as 

 trees and shrubs. See Rhizocarpous. 



CAU'STIC CURVE {KavariKoi, burn- 

 ing). In transcendental geometry, a curve 

 to which the rays of light, reflected or 

 refracted by another curve, are tangents. 

 It is termed caustic, owing to the accu- 

 mulation of heat from the collection of 

 the rays of light along the curve. Caustic 

 curves are of two kinds ; catacaustics, or 

 those formed by reflection, and dia- 

 caustics, or those formed by refraction. 



CAUSTFCITY [Kaiu,. Kavaia, to bum). 

 That property of certain substances, as 

 the pure alkalis, concentrated acids, and 

 metallic salts, by which they combine so 

 powerfully with organized bodies as to 

 destroy their texture. 



CA'VERNOUS TEXTURE. A term 

 applied, in geology, to that texture of 



