EST 



ETH 



inwards, and is enveloped by the 

 opposite edge rolled in an opposite di- 

 rection. 



6. Induplicate, when the margins are 

 bent abruptly inwards, and the external 

 face of these edges is applied to each 

 other without any twisting. 



7. Conduplicate, when the sides are 

 applied parallelly to the faces of each 

 other. 



8. Plaited, when they are folded length- 

 wise, like the plaits of a closed fan. 



9. Replicate, when the upper part is 

 curved back and applied to the lower. 



10. Curvative, when the margins are 

 slightly curved, either backwards or for- 

 wards, without any sensible twisting. 



11. Wrinkled, when the parts are folded 

 up irregularly in every direction. 



12. Imbricated, when they overlap each 

 other parallelly at the margins, without 

 any involution. 



13. Equitant, when they overlap each 

 other parallelly and entirely, without in- 

 volution, as in iris. 



14. Reclinate, when they are bent down 

 upon their stalk. 



15. Circinate, when they are rolled 

 spirally downward. 



16. Valvate, when they are applied to 

 each other by the margins only. 



17. Quincuncial, when the pieces are 

 five in number, of which two are ex- 

 terior, two interior, and the fifth covers 

 the interior with one margin, and has its 

 other margin covered by the exterior, as 

 in the rose. 



18. Twisted, which is the same as 

 contorted, except that there is no obli- 

 quity in the form or insertion of the 

 pieces. 



19. Contorted, when they are twisted 

 in such a manner that each piece of a 

 whorl overlaps its neighbour by one 

 margin, and is overlapped by its other 

 neighbour by the other margin. 



20. Alternative, when the pieces being 

 in two rows, the inner is covered by the 

 outer in such a way that each of the 

 exterior rows overlaps half of two of the 

 interior, as in liliaceae. 



21. Vexillary, when one piece is much 

 larger than the others, and is folded over 

 them, they being arranged face to face, 

 as in papilionaceous flowers. 



22. Cochlear, when one piece, being 

 larger than the others, and hollowed like 

 a helmet or bowl, covers all the others, 

 as in aconite, some species of personate 

 flowers, &c. — Lindley. 



ESTUARIES {csstns, the tide). In- 

 129 



lets of the land, which are entered by 

 tides of the sea and by rivers. They 

 occur in the Thames, the Severn, the 

 Tay, &c. 



ET^'RIO {eTatpeia, an association). 

 A term applied by Mirbel to an aggre- 

 gate fruit, the separate parts of which 

 are achaenia, as in ranunculus, rubus, 

 &c. 



ETE'SIAN WIND (er/jo-toc, annual). 

 A northerly or north- easterly wind which 

 prevails very much in summer all over 

 Europe. See Winds. 



E'THAL. A peculiar oily substance, 

 obtained from spermaceti ; also termed 

 hydrate of oxide of cetyl. The term is 

 formed of the first syllable of the words 

 ether and o/cohol, on account of its ana- 

 logy to these liquids in point of compo- 

 sition. 



ETHER {aiehp, ether). An imaginary 

 fluid, supposed by some philosophers to 

 fill all space beyond the atmospheres of 

 the earth and other planets. 



ETHER (in Chemistry). A very vola- 

 tile fluid, produced by the distillation 

 of alcohol with an acid. It is some- 

 times distinguished as sulphuric ether, 

 from the mode of preparing it ; but when 

 well rectified, the ether is the same, 

 whatever acid has been employed. 



ETHE'REUM {aiOijp, ether) A hypo- 

 thetical carburetted hydrogen, so named 

 by Dr. Kane, and identical with the 

 ethule of Berzelius. Etherine is a 

 peculiar carburetted hydrogen, which 

 has also been regarded as the basis of 

 ether. 



ETHE'RID.^. River Oysters; a fa- 

 mily of the atrachian bivalves, named 

 from the genus etheria. 



ETHICS (rj^tKor, belonging to morals). 

 The science of Morals, or those affections 

 of the mind which develop themselves in 

 action. Aristotle derives the word from 

 another, which signifies habit {hOiKt]v 

 uTTo Tov e^ouf), moral disposition being 

 formed upon habit. 



ETHIO'NIC ACID (al^^/p, ether, Oelov, 

 sulphur). Ethero- sulphuric acid. An 

 acid produced by the action of the vapour 

 of anhydrous sulphuric acid upon abso- 

 lute alcohol kept cold. 



ETHIOPIAN or NEGRO RACE. One 

 of the five principal races of mankind, in 

 which the head is narrow and compressed 

 at the sides, the forehead very convex, 

 the cheek-bones projecting forwards, the 

 nostrils wide, the jaws lengthened, the 

 skull in general thick and heavy, the 

 face narrow, projecting towards the lower 

 G5 



