WATER AND FUEL. 121 



employment of bridges, as being the safer and more economical plan. This course has been 

 adopted with embankments as high as 160 feet. 



WATER AND FUEL. 



The capacity and weight of tenders and tanks will be found on page 120. 



To supply a passenger train, of 200 passengers, for 25 miles, under ordinary circumstances of 

 track, &c., there will be required, of 



Water 1,250 gallons. 



Wood (such as pine) 1.44 cord. 



Or of coal (anthracite) O.G4 ton. 



Or of coke 0.62 ton. 



To supply same train 100 miles 



Water 5,000 gallons. 



Wood 5.76 cords. 



Or coal (anthracite) 2.56 tons. 



Or coke 2.48 tons. 



The quantity of anthracite as given above is on the supposition that the train makes no long 

 stops ; in that case, the amount would have to be increased. 



The average of six trips on the Boston and Maine railway gives the following result: 



A load of 170.5 tons (weight of cars and freight, exclusive of engine and tender, in ton s of 

 2,000 pounds) was drawn 74 miles, at a velocity of 14.5 miles per hour, with an expenditure of 

 4,654.5 pounds of anthracite, and 3,348 gallons of water. 



The average of eight trips gave as a result that 10.59 pounds of anthracite evaporate 7.48 

 gallons of water, or 0.78 ton to 1,250 gallons of water. 



The trip with Cumberland coal indicated that 9.19 pounds of it will evaporate 7.48 gallons (1 

 cubic foot) water, or 0.64 ton to 1,250 gallons of water. 



On the same road the average of ten trips results as follows : 



A load of 210 tons (as above) was drawn 74 miles, at a velocity of .14.1 miles per hour, with 

 an expenditure of 3.4 cords of wood, and 3,734 gallons of water. 



These experiments were conducted in the winter season, and the track was more or less 

 obstructed by snow and ice, giving a very unfavorable state of the rail. 



1 cord of beech evaporates 1,621 gallons water. 

 1 cord of spruce &quot; 1,200 &quot; 



1 cord of hemlock &quot; 1,028 &quot; 



1 cord of pitch-pine &quot; 994 &quot; 



1 cord of white-pine &quot; 906 &quot; 



Cotton-wood can be used, but is one of the least valuable species of timber as a steam-generator 

 per pound; and its specific gravity is very low. 



The result of a year s work on the Central road of Georgia shows that one cord of wood was 

 used for every sixty-six and four-tenths miles on the road. 



As pine wood is corded on the tender, one cubic foot will evaporate one cubic foot (7.48 gallons, 

 or 62-^ pounds) of water. 



One cord southern pine weighs 3,180 pounds. 



One cord common dry pine weighs 2,616 pounds. 



For passenger trains the water stations are usually about 25 miles apart. 



For freight trains 12 to 15 miles is found a convenient distance for replenishing the supply. 



Over ordinary grades, say 30 feet to 40 feel, there would be no difficulty in carrying water 

 and fuel for 100 miles, either by using additional tenders, or large ones made for the especial 

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