198 GENERAL REPORT ON WESTERN DIVISION. 



impracticable for a road of any kind. The descent of this stream is rapid ; at five miles from 

 the mouth is a pretty fall of probably ten feet : as \ve were obliged to view it from an elevation 

 of some three hundred feet, we could form no correct estimate of its height. There are no trees 

 in this ravine ; its soil is of sand and gravel. 



The valley of the Sahtlilkwu (east iork) is generally a broad one, but is almost entirely filled 

 with lakes and marshes. As far as the Great lake it presents a route practicable from the 

 Columbia, with difficulties at some points ; as it leads to nothing, and communicates with no 

 pass to Frazer s river, it is not a subject for consideration. The Hudson s Bay trail from the 

 Okinakane to Fort Langley leaves the Sahtlilkwu a short distance above our camp of the 8th, 

 and after crossing a mountain ridge enters the valley of the Millakitekwu, follows that for a 

 considerable distance, and then crosses the mountain into the valley of Frazer s river. It is 

 represented by all who have travelled it as an execrable and just practicable trail, as following 

 no pass, but crossing directly over the mountains. 



On the tenth 1 left the main party in camp, and with all of the officers and two of the gentle 

 men rode to the Great lake, returning the same day. 



Upon an attentive consideration of the more important points of what has already been said, 

 I think it will be very evident that there is but one pass through the Cascade range, from the 

 Columbia to the northern boundary that of the main Yakima that is at all practicable for a 

 railway ; nor am I aware of any reason for believing any to exist between that boundary and 

 Thompson s river. 



In the event of any future surveys of the Cascade range for railway purposes, the whole force 

 may safely be thrown upon the main Yakima Pass and that of the Columbia. I now considered 

 the most important part of my duty performed, having carried the reconnaissance of the Cascade 

 range somewhat into British territory. The winter was now close at hand, the weather 

 becoming cold, and the snow increasing rapidly in the mountains. Our animals showed unmis 

 takable signs of the effects of their very difficult service, and the pass of the Columbia was still 

 to be examined. As nothing but geographical information could now be gained by a longer delay 

 in the mountains, I determined to leave the range and move for Colville. The route selected 

 was that from the forks of the Okinakane to the head of Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, or Colville river, and 

 down that stream to the Columbia ; a portion of the country known only to the employes of the 

 Hudson s Bay Company. I hoped on my arrival at Colville to receive some intelligence of the 

 progress of your party, or even to meet you in person by a lucky chance. 



It was also my determination, if nothing had occurred making it necessary for me to keep 

 on to the Rocky mountains with the whole or a portion of my party, to make an examination of 

 the country in the vicinity of the Grand Coulee, the approaches to the mouth of the Yakima, &c., 

 and finally to return to Vancouver by the trail down the Columbia valley. 



On the llth we turned back ; left the Okinakane on the 12th at the forks ; reached the head of 

 one branch of the Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu on the 13th, and arrived opposite Colville on the 17th. This 

 trail is impracticable for a railway, although a wagon road could be carried over it, with con 

 siderable difficulty, at some points. The soil in this district was the best we saw. Fine larch trees 

 abound. 



Soon after our arrival in camp opposite Colville, Mr. Angus Macdonald, the gentleman in 

 charge of the post, came over to our camp, and kindly undertook to provide the canoes neces 

 sary for crossing our baggage next day. 



By midday of the 18th all our stores and baggage were safely landed on the left bank of the 

 river, and all of our animals had crossed in safety. Three small canoes, two of them of birch 

 bark, were the only ones available. We encamped at an excellent place about half a mile from 

 the fort. At the place where our animals swam the river, the current is very rapid and the 

 river very deep; it is a good crossing for animals passing from the right bank to the left, but very 

 dangerous for any crossing in the opposite direction. The valley of the Columbia is here well 



