MAPS ACCOMPANYING THE REPORT. 13 



that this is about 121 22 19&quot;, which differs more than twenty miles from that deduced from 

 the first observation. I have, therefore, adhered to the longitude given by my field work, 

 which is intermediate between the two, but much nearer that to which Col. Fremont has given 

 the preference. 



The longitude of Fort Vancouver has been laid down as given on the latest Land Office map of 

 Oregon Territory, because detailed surveys have been made between the fort and Salem, the 

 position of which, as already explained, has been determined with approximate accuracy. This 

 location of Fort Vancouver is about seven miles east of that of Capt. Wilkes, whose longitude 

 has been adopted by Col. Fremont on his map of Oregon and California, and by Captain 

 McClellan. 



Considerable difficulty has been found in locating the Cascades of the Columbia with respect 

 to longitude. Gov. Stevens adopted the position given by Capt. Wilkes, which is 21 miles 

 further towards the west than that of Col. Fremont, who observed an occultation of Jupiter s 

 first satellite, on November 11, 1843, at a point estimated at 15 miles below the Cascades. 

 There is now a line of steamboats plying from Vancouver to the Cascades, and thence to Fort 

 Dalles. Capt. W. B. Wells, the chief proprietor of the line, and all other persons whom I 

 questioned about the matter, declared that the Cascades were about equally distant from Van 

 couver and the Dalles, by the course of the river. Col. Fremont has so indicated it upon his 

 map ; but Capt. Wilkes makes the distance from the Cascades to the Dalles nearly double that 

 from the Cascades to Vancouver. Considering the great discrepancies between these two 

 authorities, and believing that the many hundred trips of the steamboats must have enabled 

 the owner to estimate the comparative distances with tolerable accuracy, I have placed, on the 

 accompanying map, the Cascades midway between Vancouver and Fort Dalles by the course of 

 the river. This location is 10 miles west of that of Col. Fremont and 11 miles east of that 

 of Capt. Wilkes. 



I have indicated on the map, positions for Mount Adams and Mount St. Helen s the former 

 given by eight and the latter by six good bearings from well determined points in the Des 

 Chutes and Willamette valleys, and among the Cascade mountains. Each of these positions 

 differs about 12 miles from that given by Gov. Stevens. 



It has been considered desirable to make the maps as complete as possible, by indicating the 

 topography of the country remote from our trail, whenever reliable information as to its char 

 acter could be obtained. The Pacific coast has, therefore, been laid down as given on the latest 

 United States Coast Survey maps.. The most recent Land Office maps of Oregon and California 

 have been adopted as authority for the settled portion of the country, except in the vicinity of 

 our trails, where the topography is, of course, given from our own field notes, checked by 

 astronomical observations. 



The map of Lieut. E. G. Beckwith, 3d artillery, illustrating his explorations for a railroad 

 route near the 41st parallel of north latitude, has been followed for the region bordering Pit 

 river, below the mouth of Canoe creek. 



The topography south of Suisun Bay has been taken from the map of a survey in California, 

 made, in connection with examinations for railroad routes to the Pacific ocean, by Lieut. E. S. 

 Williamson, Topographical Engineers, in 1853. 



Summer lake, the northern and western shores of Upper Klainath lake, the chief tributary 

 of Klarnath marsh, and the Columbia river, east of the Dalles, have been laid down as given 

 by Colonel J. C. Fremont on his map of Oregon and Upper California. 



