No. 1. 

 REP011T UPON THE BOTANY OF THE 110 UTE 



BY JOHN S . NEWBE11RY, M . D . , 



BOTANIST OF THE EXPEDITION. 



CHAPTERI. 



GEOGRAPHICAL BOTANY. 



INFLUENCES AFFECTING THE BOTANICAL CHARACTER OF THE REGION BETWEEN SAN FRANCISCO AND THE COLUMBIA. LAWS CONTROLLING THE 

 DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES AT PRESENT NOT UNDERSTOOD. NOVELTY OF BOTANICAL CHARACTER OF THIS REGION. VARIETY OF AN 

 NUAL PLANTS. SMALL NUMBER OF TREES. PREPONDERANCE OF CONIFERS. CLIMATE. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. LOCAL BOTARY. 

 COAST MOUNTAINS. CLIMATE. CAUSES AFFECTING IT. VEGETATION. FORESTS. SHRUBS. FERNS AND MOSSES. SACRAMENTO 

 VALLEY. CLIMATE, CHARACTER OF SEASONS. VEGETATION. ITS ANNUAL CHARACTER. TIMBER BELTS. LOCAL BOTANY. WILD 

 OAT. OAK GROVES. SHRUBS. TULE. CHARACTER OF SOIL. TIMBER BELTS AND THICKETS ALONG THE RIVER BANKS. BOTANY OF 



SIERRA NEVADA. ITS UNITY OF CHARACTER. FORESTS. LOCAL BOTANY. ZONES OF VEGETATION. ANNUAL PLANTS. BOTANY 



OF THE DISTRICT EAST OF SIERRA NEVADA AND THE CASCADES. UNIFORMITY OF VEGETATION. SAGE PLAINS. YELLOW PINE 



FOBESTS. LOCAL BOTANY. BUNCH GRASS. ANNUAL PLANTS. BOTANY OF KLAMATII LAKE. BOTANY OF THE DBS CHUTES BASIN. 

 BOTANY OF THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS. BELTS OF VEGETATION. FORESTS OF WILLAMETTE VALLEY. 



THE influences which have given character to the flora of the region lying hetween San 

 Francisco and the Columbia, both as regards its botanical relations and the distribution of the 

 plants which compose it, as in other countries, have been connected with its geological struc 

 ture, its topographical features, and its climate. 



To these causes, which are very appreciable in their action, and which have produced by far 

 the most striking phenomena presented by the vegetation of the west, another should be added, 

 that which has controlled the radiation of species from their original centers of creation. 



The operation of this latter cause, though perhaps not less real, is far more obscure, 

 requiring for its analysis an array of facts much greater than has yet been collected. This has, 

 therefore, been entirely neglected, except in the few instances where plants are common to both 

 sides of the continent, and an effort has been made to connect their eastern and western habi 

 tats. When the botany of the west shall come to be known far better than at present, we may 

 expect that the physiological laws which have controlled the distribution of plants may be 

 studied with equal profit with the more material influences of which I have spoken. 



At present any hypotheses in reference to them, however plausible they may appear, must 



necessarily involve so much uncertainty, that they should be regarded as speculations rather 



than generalizations of fact. And in the future, by whomsoever theories on this subject may 



be suggested, and whatever weight or personal influence may be thrown into the scale, that 



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