HOW PROTOPLASM IS MADE. 9 



has been alive but, having served the pur- 

 poses of life, it has passed from the living 

 to the not-living state, from protoplasm 

 to cellulose ; that part has not yet arrived 

 at the living state, has not been elaborated 

 up to the complex condition of living matter, 

 has not been made into protoplasm. 



The first protoplasm that ever existed 

 must have been that of plants ; of the 

 lowest plants, the protopyhtes, as the first 

 living matter, made by Nature herself. 

 And here it probably differs very little from 

 the highest of the not-living organic com- 

 pounds, the proteid chemical ferments, 

 being only a little further developed in 

 complexity of structure and activities. 



Protoplasm is now made by animals as 

 well as by plants : both make it out of 

 their food ; when made by animals it is 

 also called " sarcode." The way in which 

 it is made will perhaps be most easily under- 

 stood by reference to the process as it takes 

 place in the higher animals. It is there 

 made by the cells of the already existing 

 protoplasm : they make it out of their 

 aliment, the blood. The blood is made out 

 of the food, by the digestive organs. 



The blood, after having been elaborated 

 up to nearly but not quite the composition 



