TOP -WORKED TREES 269 



after all the old top was removed, as shown in 

 the illustration. It will now be necessary to cut 

 off some of the cions and to thin out the top, 

 much as if the tree were recently planted. 



It is always essential that the operator look out 

 for adventitious growths or suckers from the 

 stock, after the tree has been changed to the de- 

 sired variety. The equilibrium of the tree has 

 been so much upset by the heavy pruning that 

 these watersprouts and auxiliary growths may 

 arise for several years. Fig. 194 is a Kilmarnock 

 willow. This is a weeping variety, which is 

 grafted upon a strong, upright -growing stock. 

 In this case, the stock has thrown out long 

 suckers, and the drooping head is beginning to 

 famish and die. These suckers should be removed 

 as soon as they begin to form, else good results 

 cannot be obtained with the cion. This trouble 

 of suckering from the stock is very apt to occur 

 in ornamental plants, as in top -worked weeping 

 and variegated varieties. Such varieties are gen- 

 erally weak growers, and cannot take up the 

 exuberant strength of the root. 



MANAGEMENT OF DWARF TREES 



Dwarf plants are those which do not attain 

 to the normal or habitual stature of the species 

 or variety to which they belong. There are two 

 general categories of dwarf plants, dwarf va- 

 rieties, and dwarf individuals. The former class 



